chapter 4

Question 1

collectivist cultures

Answer 1

cultures that emphasize group over individual. the focus is on the interconnectedness of individuals, particularly the interdependent nature of their social relationships and identities

Question 2

contigencies (of self esteem)

Answer 2

characteristics of self or categories of outcomes on which a persom stakes their self esteem

Question 3

game stage

Answer 3

mead’s second stage of social experience, in which children enter organized activities and learn to imagine the viewpoints of several others at the same time

Question 4

generalized other

Answer 4

a conception of the attitudes and expectations held in common by the members of the organized groups with whom one interacts

Question 5

identity

Answer 5

the categories people use to specify who they are-that is, to locate themselves relative to other people

Question 6

identity control theory

Answer 6

proposes that an actor uses the social meaning of their identity as a reference point for assessing what is occurring in the situation

Question 7

individualist culture

Answer 7

cultures that emphasize the individual and value individual achievement

Question 8

looking glass self

Answer 8

the term coined by cooley that describes the self schema we create based on how we think we appear to others

Question 9

play stage

Answer 9

mead’s first stage of social experience, in which young children imitate the activities of people around them

Question 10

salience

Answer 10

the relative importance of a specific role identity to the individual’s self schema. the salience hierarchy refers to the ordering of an individual’s role identities according to their importance

Question 11

self awareness

Answer 11

a state in which we take the self as the object of our attention and focus on our own appearance, actions, and thoughts

Question 12

self discrepancy

Answer 12

the state in which a component of the individual’s actual self is the opposite of a similar component of the ideal self or the ought self

Question 13

self esteem

Answer 13

the evaluative component of the self concept. the positive and negative evaluations people have of themselves

Question 14

self schema

Answer 14

the organized structure of info that people have about themselves; the primary influence on the processinf of info about the self

Question 15

situated self

Answer 15

the subset of self concepts that constitutes the self people recognize in a particular situatuon. selected from the person’s various identities, qualities, and self evaluatjons, the situated self depends on the demands of the situation

Question 16

social identity

Answer 16

a definition of the self in terms of the defining characteristics of a social group