Chapter 4

Question 1

define electrolyte

Answer 1

comp that dissolves & dissociates into ions when dissolved in H₂O

Question 2

define nonelectrolyte x 2

Answer 2

• COV comp NOT dissociating into ions when dissolved

- don’t conduct electricity (?)

Question 3

define strong electrolyte x 4

Answer 3

• 100% dissociation
• →
• ION comps dissolving in H₂O = strong
• AKA strong acid/base

Question 4

define weak electrolyte x 4p

Answer 4

• partial dissociation
• ⇌
• equilibrium: forward react rate = reverse react rate
• AKA weak acid/base & reversible rxn

Question 5

6 strong acids

Answer 5

• HCl
• HBr
• HI
• HNO₃
• H₂SO₄
• HClO₄

Question 6

how to ID strong bases, exceptions

Answer 6

• soluble ion OH⁻ comps on solubility table

- exceptions = Ca, Sr, Ba

Question 7

4 times when something is always soluble

Answer 7

• NO₃⁻
• C₂H₃O₂⁻
• NH₄⁺
• alkali metal ions

Question 8

define arrhenius base

Answer 8

comp forming OH⁻ ions in a solution

Question 9

write that freaking rxn for weak bases

Answer 9

NH₃ (aq) + H₂O (l) ⇌ NH₄⁺ (aq) + OH⁻ (aq)

Question 10

write the neutralization rxn template

Answer 10

H⁺ acid + OH⁻ base ⇌ H₂O (l) + ion comp salt

Question 11

ik this is a mess, but visualize the Cl part of NaCl dissolved in water

Answer 11

OO
HHH
HClH
HHH
OO

Question 12

this is a mess but what is the Na part of NaCl dissolved in water?

Answer 12

HHHH
OO
Na
OO
HHHH

Question 13

what is the charge on H and O in water?

Answer 13

±1δ

Question 14

write out the precipitation rxn template

Answer 14

ion comp (aq) + ion comp (aq) → ion comp (aq) + ion comp (s)

Question 15

what makes an ion less soluble

Answer 15

if it has a higher charge and attracts other ions

Question 16

what makes a precipitate rxn not occur?

Answer 16

if both the products are (aq)

Question 17

define molecular equation

Answer 17

regular chem equation

Question 18

def complete ionic equation

Answer 18

ions existing separately & part of an (aq) comp are written separately w/ their charges

Question 19

def spectator ions

Answer 19

remain separately written (separate or part of (aq) comp) before & after the rxn

Question 20

def net ionic equation

Answer 20

complete ion equation written w/o spectator ions

Question 21

what is H⁺ technically? x 2

Answer 21

• just a proton

- hydronium (H₃O⁺)

Question 22

recipe for hydronium

Answer 22

H⁺(aq) + H₂O(l) → H₃O⁺(aq)

Question 23

name & define the 3 -protic acids

Answer 23

• monoprotic = 1 H⁺ ions when dissolved
• diprotic = 2 H⁺ ions when dissolved
• polyprotic = 2+ H⁺ ions when dissolved

Question 24

define hydroscopic

Answer 24

comp absorbing water vapor & dissolving itself with it!!

Question 25

define dilution

Answer 25

adding water to concentrated solution or dry hydroscopic (ramen!!!)

Question 26

units to answer M questions with on test

Answer 26

"x mol/L"

Question 27

def oxidation

Answer 27

atoms lose e⁻

Question 28

def reduction

Answer 28

atoms gain e⁻

Question 29

oxidation charge of lone element

Answer 29

0

Question 30

what happens in an oxidation-reduction rxn

Answer 30

atoms change charge

Question 31

define O/R half-reaction

Answer 31

2 separate net ionic eqn's for the reduction rxn and the oxidation rxn in the same chem rxn

Question 32

how to show work for O/R ionic rxn on test

Answer 32

1) Write out each atom & charge of it below the eqn 2) write the half reactions pertaining to the O element & the R element 3) Balance the half-rxns so the amt of elements in them matches the amt in the OG chem eqn, and that the # of e⁻ matches the elements in the half-rxn

Question 33

template for gas evolution rxn (just used to ID them on test so you can apply the 3 subtemplates

Answer 33

acid (aq) + ion comp (aq) or (s) → cov comp (g) + ion comp (aq) or (s)

Question 34

H⁺ acid + (bi) carbonate →

Answer 34

CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l) + ion salt in GER

Question 35

CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l) + ion salt are the products of

Answer 35

H⁺ acid + (bi) carbonate in GER

Question 36

H⁺ acid + (bi) sulfite →

Answer 36

SO₂ (g) + H₂O (l) + ion salt in GER

Question 37

SO₂ (g) + H₂O (l) + ion salt are the products of

Answer 37

H⁺ acid + (bi) sulfite in GER

Question 38

H⁺ acid + S⁻² or HS⁻¹ →

Answer 38

H₂S (g) + ion salt in GER

Question 39

H₂S (g) + ion salt are the products of

Answer 39

H⁺ acid + S⁻² or HS⁻¹ in GER

Question 40

what is the main thing to remember with Redox rxns for cov comps

Answer 40

you assign oxidation #'s just to show where the e⁻ go; applies to cov comps & polyatomic ions w/ charges

Question 41

O# rule for H & exception

Answer 41

has +1 O# | in Hydride w/ metal (LiH), O# = -1

Question 42

O# rule for O & exception

Answer 42

``` has -2 O# in peroxide (H₂O₂) = -1 ```

Question 43

O# rule for polyatomic ions

Answer 43

charge on ion = sum of O#'s; find the mystery charge based off the other O charges of O, H, or fixed ion on PT

Question 44

How to show work on test to find O#s of CO₂

Answer 44

1) write eqn solving for C O# (since you already know O = -2): O = -2, C = x → # C(x) + # O(-2) = overall charge of CO₂ 2) Plug in: x + 2(-2) = 0 x = 4 so, C O# = +4

Question 45

how to write O charges on test

Answer 45

as +x or -x | CANNOT leave it like 4, or just + if the charge is one; it's +4 and +1. Same for minus

Question 46

def O agent

Answer 46

the entire compound that got reduced and caused the other to get oxidized

Question 47

def R agent

Answer 47

the entire compound that got oxidized and caused the other to get reduced

Question 48

what type of rxn is a combustion

Answer 48

redox

Question 49

template for combustion rxn

Answer 49

CₓH₄ + O₂ (g) → CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l) + heat

Question 50

what type of rxn is displacement

Answer 50

redox

Question 51

template for displacement rxn

Answer 51

neutral active metal (s) + acid → H₂ (g) + ion comp (aq)

Question 52

def inactive metals

Answer 52

AKA "noble"; don't react w/ acids & are below H on series table

Question 53

how to use activity series chart & what it determines

Answer 53

higher up on series = more likely to kick H out of its place in the acid & form an ion comp w/ the ion there

Question 54

def equivalence point

Answer 54

point in titration when acid's mol H+ and base's mol OH- are equal (strong & strong, weak & weak)