Chapters 8 & 9

Question 1

4 elements that can have an expanded octet

Answer 1

Sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, and chlorine

Question 2

linear bond angle & #e⁻ groups

Answer 2

180 & 2

Question 3

trigonal planar bond angle & #e⁻ groups

Answer 3

120 & 3

Question 4

tetrahedral bond angle & #e⁻ groups

Answer 4

109.5 & 4

Question 5

trigonal bipyramidal bond angle & #e⁻ groups

Answer 5

90 from top, 120 from center; 5

Question 6

octahedral bond angle & #e⁻ groups

Answer 6

90 & 6

Question 7

name for “middle” atoms & “top/bottom” atoms on tri-bipyr & octa shapes

Answer 7

equatorial & axial

Question 8

Name & bond angle of - 1 e⁻ group from tri-planar

Answer 8

bent & <120

Question 9

Name & bond angle of - 1 e⁻ group from tetrahedral

Answer 9

trigonal pyramidal & <109.5

Question 10

Name & bond angle of - 2 e⁻ groups from tetrahedral

Answer 10

bent & <109.5

Question 11

Name & bond angle of - 1 e⁻ group from trigonal-bipyramidal

Answer 11

see-saw & <90, <120, <180

Question 12

Name & bond angle of - 2 e⁻ groups from trigonal-bipyramidal

Answer 12

T-shaped & <90, >180

Question 13

Name & bond angle of - 3 e⁻ groups from trigonal-bipyramidal

Answer 13

Linear & 180

Question 14

what types of atoms do e⁻ groups tend to replace

Answer 14

equatorial atoms

Question 15

Name & bond angle of - 1 e⁻ groups from octahedral

Answer 15

square-pyramidal & <90, >180

Question 16

Name & bond angle of - 2 e⁻ groups from octahedral

Answer 16

square planar & 90, 180

Question 17

Name & bond angle of - 3 e⁻ groups from octahedral

Answer 17

T-shaped & <90, >180

Question 18

Name & bond angle of - 4 e⁻ groups from octahedral

Answer 18

Linear & 180

Question 19

5 geometries that are always polar

Answer 19

bent, trig-pyramidal, see-saw, T-shape, square pyramid

Question 20

linear hybridization

Answer 20

sp

Question 21

trigonal planar hybridization

Answer 21

sp²

Question 22

tetrahedral hybridization

Answer 22

sp³

Question 23

trigonal bipyramidal hybridization

Answer 23

dsp³

Question 24

octahedral hybridization

Answer 24

d²sp³

Question 25

what does the superscripted number on hybridizations mean

Answer 25

the # of orbitals it superscripts; like p² would mean 2 p orbitals

Question 26

define sigma bond & symbol

Answer 26

σ; share e⁻ on internuclear axis (in between 2 atoms' nuclei)

Question 27

define pi bond

Answer 27

shared e⁻ NOT on internuclear axis; instead above/below it

Question 28

sigma and pi bonds for each bond multiple

Answer 28

``` single = 1 σ double = 1 σ & 1 π triple = 1 σ & 2π ```

Question 29

what does delocalized resonance bonding mean?

Answer 29

the e⁻ are all around the mol instead of in the bond

Question 30

how to calculate formal charge of an atom

Answer 30

atom val e⁻ - # atom non-bond e⁻ - # bonds to atom

Question 31

2 ways to tell the best resonance structure

Answer 31

the best one has the most evenly-distributed formal atom charges & the neg charges are on the most elecneg atom

Question 32

def lattice E

Answer 32

amt E to separate 1 mol ion comp into gas ions; endothermic rxn

Question 33

2 ways to compare lattice E

Answer 33

bigger charge on atoms in the ion = bigger LE (like, MgO is better than NaF) smaller ion itself = bigger LE

Question 34

how to determine polarity when the element in common between the two comps does NOT have the highest elecneg

Answer 34

1) cancel out that element in common | 2) between the other 2 elements, the comp that has the HIGHER elecneg one is the more polar one

Question 35

how to determine polarity when the element in common between the two comps DOES have the highest elecneg

Answer 35

1) cancel out that element in common | 2) between the other 2 elements, the comp that has the LOWER elecneg is the more polar one

Question 36

octet rule exceptions/facts x 3

Answer 36

Be & B can have less than octet any atoms n = 3+ can have more than octet basically only C, N, O, and F work with the rule lmao