Chapter 4 Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Device that convert one kind of energy into another
A
Transducers
2
Q
The process of detecting physical energies with sensory organs
A
Sensation
3
Q
Mental process of organising sensation into meaningful patterns
A
Perception
4
Q
Study of relationship between physical stimuli and sensations they evoke in a human observer
A
Psychophysics
5
Q
The minimum amount of physical energy necessary to produce a sensation
A
Absolute threshold
6
Q
A decrease in sensory response to an unchanging stimulus
A
Sensory adaptation
7
Q
Separation of sensory information into important elements
A
Sensory analysis
8
Q
Basic elements of a stimulus, such as lines, shapes, edges or colours
A
Perceptual features
9
Q
Neural signals that sense organs use to transmit info to the brain
A
Sensory coding
10
Q
The minimum difference between two stimuli that is detectable to an observer
A
Difference threshold
11
Q
Giving priority to a particular incoming sensory message (focus on book while not noticing the sensation of back against chair)
A
Selective attention
12
Q
A failure to notice a stimulus because attention in focused elsewhere
A
Inattentional blindness
13
Q
Type of sensation you experience depends on which area the brain is activated
A
Sensory localisation
14
Q
Narrow spread of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the eyes respond
A
Visible spectrum
15
Q
Basic colour categories corresponding differently to light wavelengths
A
Hue
16
Q
Degree to which wavelengths of light are “pure” or “mixed”
A
Saturation
17
Q
Amplitude/height of light waves
A
Brightness
18
Q
Coloured circular muscle that controls amount of light entering eye
A
Iris
19
Q
Opening at front of eye through which light passes
A
Pupil
20
Q
Transparent membrane covering the front of the eye - bends light rays inwards
A
Cornea
21
Q
Structure in the eye that focuses on light rays
A
Lens
22
Q
Changes in shape of the lens of the eye to focus light on the retina
A
Accomodation
23
Q
Four Visual Problems
A
Hyperopia, Myopia, Astigmatism, Presbyopia
24
Q
Hyperopia
A
Difficulty focusing on nearby objects (farsighted)
25
Myopia
Difficulty focusing on far away objects (nearsighted)
26
Astigmatism
Corneal or lens defect - causes some area to be out of focus
27
Presbyopia
Difficulty focusing cause by loss of flexibility in lens due to ageing
28
Light sensitive layer at back of the eye
Retina
29
Light sensitive cells in the retina
Photoreceptors
30
Photoreceptors - colors and bright light - 5 million in each eye
Cones
31
Photoreceptors - dim light - produce black and white - about 120 million in each eye
Rods
32
Area of retina lacking photoreceptors
Blind spot
33
Sharpness of visual perception
Visual acuity
34
Area at center of retina containing only cone (sharp image) containing only cones
Fovea
35
Vision at edges of visual field
Peripheral vision
36
Loss of peripheral vision
Tunnel vision
37
Colour vision theory that states we have 3 cone types: red, green and blue (other colours are a combination of these)
Trichronatic theory
38
Theory of colour vision based on three coding systems (red/green, yellow/blue, black/white)
Opponent process theory
39
Visual sensation that remains after stimulus is removed
Afterimage
40
Inabikity to perceive colours; lack cones or malfunctioning cones
Colour blindness
41
Inability to distinguish some colours (red-green most common - more in men than women - sex-linked - recessive)
Colour weakness
42
Test for colour blindness and colot weakness
Ishihara test
43
Increased retinal sensitivity to light after entering the dark; going from daylight into dark movie theatre
Dark adaptation
44
Light-sensitive pigment in rods - involved with night vision
Rhodopsin
45
Blindness under low-light conditions
Night blindness
46
Rhythmic movement of air molecules
Soundwaves
47
Number of waves per second; corresponds to perceived higher/lower pitch
Frequency
48
Physical sound intensity - corresonds to perceived loudness
Amplitude
49
Visible part of external (outer) ear
Pinna
50
Tympanic membrane
Eardrum
51
Three small bones that vibrates - links eardrum with cochlea (middle ear)
Auditory ossicles - malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)
52
Snail shaped organ that makes up inner ear
Cochlea
53
Receptor cells within cochlea that transduce vibrations into nerve impulses
Hair cells
54
As pitch rises, nerve impulses of a corresponding frequency are fed into auditoy nerve - tones up to 4000 Hz are converted into nerve impulses that match the frequency of each tone
Frequency theory
55
Higher and lower tones excite specific areas of cochlea
Place theory
56
Poor transfer of sounds from eardrum to inner ear - compensate with amplifier (hearing aid)
Conductive hearing loss
57
Caused by damage to hair cells or auditory nerver - hearing aids offer little help -
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
58
Electronic device that stimulates auditory nerves directly
Cochlear implant
59
Damage caused bg exposing hair cells to excessively loud sounds, typical at rock concerts - by 65, 40% of hair cells are gone
Noice-Induced Hearing Loss
60
Sense of smell
Olfaction
61
Odors are related to shapes of chemicals and molecules
Lock-and-key theory
62
Loss or impairment of sense of smelo
Dysosmia
63
Sense of taste
Gustation
64
Most to least sensitive taste sensation
Bitter, sour, salt, sweet
65
Possible fifth tatse sensation
Umami
66
Taste receptor cells
Taste buds
67
Sensation produced by skin, muscle, joint, viscera, organs of balance
Somesthetic senses
68
Light touch, pressure, pain, cold, warmth - specialised receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, temperature - number of receptor relates to sensitivity
Skin senses (touch)
69
Detect body position and movement
Kinesthetic
70
Control balance, acceleration and gravity (in inner ear)
Vestibular senses
71
Type of pain: Pain carried by large nerve fibers; sharp, bright, fast pain that tells you body damage is occuring (ie. Knife cut)
Warning system
72
Type of pain: Small nerve fibers; slower, nagging, aching; widespread, gets worae if stimulus is repeated, remind brain that body is injured
Reminding system
73
Pain messages from different nerve fibers pass through same neural gate in spinal cord - if gate is closed by warning system message, reminding system messages cannot enter - explains pain-killing effects if acupuncture + counter irritation (self inflicted mild warning pain to lessen impact of reminding pain)
Gate control theory
74
Can fear increase pain (T/F)
T
75
If you can regulate a painful stimulus, you have control over it (T/F)
T
76
Distraction cannot significantly reduce pain (T/F)
F
77
Interpretation you give a stimulus affects pain (T/F)
T
78
(Vestibular system) Sensitive to movement, acceleration and gravity
Otolith organs
79
Fluid-filled tubes in ears that are sensory organs for balancw
Semicircular canals
80
"Float" that detects movement in semi circular canals
Crista
81
Is motion sickness related to vestibular system? (T/F)
T
82
Motion sickness reults from a mismatch beteeen information from vision, vestibular system and kinesthesis - after spinning and stopping, fluid in semicircular canals still spinning but head is not - mismatch leads to sickness
Sensory conflict theory
83
How we assemble sensation into meaningful patterns
Perception
84
Mental model of external events that are actively created by your brain
Perceptual constructions
85
Perceptual miscontruction
Illusion
86
Perception with no basis in external reality
Hallucination
87
Obtaining additional information to check your perceptions
Reality testing
88
Analysing info starting at the bottom and going upwards to form a complete perception
Bottom-up processing
89
Pre-existing knowlesge used to rapidly organise features into a meaningful whole
Top-down processing
90
(Gestalt Principles) - part of a stimulus -stands out as an object (figure) against a plainer background (ground)
Figure-ground organisation
91
(Gestalt Principles) Figure and ground that can be reversed
Reversible figure
92
(Gestalt Principles) Stimuli that are near each other tend to be grouped together
Nearness
93
(Gestalt Principles) Stimuli similar in size, shape, colour or form tends to be group together
Similarity
94
(Gestalt Principles) Perception tend toward simplicity and continuity
Continuity
95
(Gestalt Principles) Tendency to complete a figure so it has a consistent overall form
Closure
96
(Gestalt Principles) nearness in time ajd space- perceived that one thing causes another
Contiguity
97
(Gestalt Principles) Stimuli found within common area tend to be grouped
Common region
98
Initial plan/guess about how to actively guide or interpretation of sensations
Perceptual hypothesis
99
Patterns allowing more than one interpretation
Ambiguous stimuli
100
Two dimensional pattern that cannot he organised into a stable, consistent or meaningful three-dimensional perception
Impossible figure
101
Perceived size of an object remains constant, despite changes in retinal image size
Size constancy
102
Perceived shape of an object is unaffected by changes in retinal image
Shape constancy
103
Apparent brightness of an object stays the same under changing lighting condition
Brightness constancies
104
Ability to see three dimensionao space and to accurately judge distances
Depth perception
105
Features of environment and messages from body that supply info about distance and space
Depth cues
106
Discrepancy in images that reach the right and left eyes
Retinal disparity
107
Fusion of two different retinal images into one overall 3-d image - powerful sensation of depth (like closing one one eyes, you see from a diff perspective and vice versa, but when both eyes open - can see everything)
Stereoscopic vision
108
Degree to which the two eyes must turn inward to focus on an object
Convergence
