Chapter 5 Flashcards by Muhammad Luqmanul Hakim bin Abdul Aziz

Your sensations and perceptions of external events and your self-awareness of mental events including thoughts, memories, and feelings about your experiences and yourself

Consciousness

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Normal, clear alert awareness

Waking consciousness

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Changes that occur in quality abd pattern of mental activity: different from waking consciousbess

Altered State of Consciousness

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Innate biological rhythm that can never be entirely ignored

Sleep

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Lowering body and brain activities and metabolism during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life

Repair/restorative theories of sleep

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Sleep loss: 4 or more days without sleep

Sleep deprivation

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Excessive daytime sleepiness; arises after even a few hours of sleep loss

Hypersomnia

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A day or more of sleep deprivation can lead to..

Difficulty staying alert, microsleeps, and even sleep-deprivation psychosis

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Brief shift in brain activity to normal pattern normally recorded during sleep

Microsleep

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Confusion, disorientation& delusions and hallucinations that occur due to sleep loss

Sleep deprivation psychosis

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Daily rhythms of sleep and waking

Sleep pattern

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Older people sleep less than younger people (T/F)

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Brain wave machine; amplifies and records electrical activity in the brain

Electroencephenograph

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Small, fast waves associated with alertness

Beta waves

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Larger, slower waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep

Alpha waves

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Largest, slowest waves associated with deep sleep

Delta waves

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Stages of Sleep

Stage 1: (light sleep) small, irregular waves produced in light sleep (people may or may not say they were alseep)
-causes hypnic jerk- reflex muscle twitch caused by muscle relaxation

Stage 2: deeper sleep - sleep spindles: short burst of distinctive brain-wav activity that appear at the threshold of sleep

Stage 3: even deeper sleep - delta waves appear (very large and slow)

Stage 4: deepest level of normal sleep; almost purely delta sleep

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Two basic states of sleep

Non-REM (NREM) and REM (rapid eye movement

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Dual process hypothesis of sleep

REM and NREM sleep help “refresh” the brain and store memories

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NREM occurs at stages 1,2,3,4
90% of non-REM sleep is dream free
Deepest during the first few stage 4 period
increases after physical exertion
help recover from bodily fatigue
delta waves (slow wave) sleep early in the night brings overall brain activation levels back down, allowing a fresh approach the next day

Function of NREM

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associated with dreaming; sleeping is very light
return to stage 1 sleep EEG patterns
body is very still during REM sleep; lack of muscle paralysis during REM sleep is called REM behaviour disorder
REM sleep appears appears to “sharpen” our memories of the previous day’s more important experiences
stress increases REM sleep

Functions of REM sleep

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Sleep disturbances

Insomnia, sleepwalking/talking/sex, nightmares and night terrors, sleep apnea, sudden infant death syndrome, narcolepsy

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Difficulty getting sleep - frequent nighttime awakening - waking up too early

(Remedy: avoid fighting it: get up and do something satisfying - return to bed when struggling to stay awake)

Chronic: exists if sleeping troubles last for more than three weeks -a adopt regular scheduke: go to bed same time each night

Sleeping pills exacerbate it: causes decrease in REM and stage 4 sleep + cause dependency

Insomnia

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Sleeplessness that follows withdrawal from sleeping pills

Drug dependency insomnia

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Behavioural remedies for insomnia

Stimulus control: linking a particular response with a specific stimuli - establishing regular sleep schedule Sleep restriction: restricting sleep to normal sleeping hours Paradoxical intention: try to stay awake as long as possible Relaxation: use of physical/mental relaxation strategy before going to sleep Exercise: strenuous exercise earlier in the day promotes sleep Food intake: eating starchy food containing trptophan increases serotonin thus leads to sleepiness Stimulants: avoid stimulants like coffee and cigarettes

Occurs in NREM sleep during stage 3 and 4

Sleep walking

Speaking while sleeping - occurs during NREM sleep

Sleeptalking

Does sleepsex occur in NREM?

Yes

Bad dreams that occur during REM sleep

Nightmares

Total panic and hallucinations may occur during stage 4 NREM sleep - most common during childhood, may occur in adults

Night terrors

Mentally rehearse the changed dream before you go to sleep again to eliminate nightmares

Imagery rehearsal

Repeated intrruption of breathing during sleep - loud snoring with short silences and gasps for breath

Sleep apnea - treated by surgery, weight loss; continuous positive airway pressure mask

Sudden unexplained death of a healthy infant - may be related to sleep apnea, may have weak arousal reflex, should sleep on back to prevent it (fall into sleep suddenly)

Sudden Infant Death

Irresistable Sleep Attacks - may suffer from catalepsy - sudden and temporary muscle paralysis leading to complete body collapse - fall directly into REM sleep

Narcolepsy

Occurence of extra REM sleep following REM sleep deprivation

REM rebound

Emphasizes internal conflicts and unconscious forces

Psychodynamic theory

Freudian belief that many dreams are expressions of unconscious desires

Wish fulfillment

Images in dreams that have a deepr symbolic meaning

Dream symbols

Obvious visible meaning of dream. Dream images as the dreamer remembers them ("visible content")

Manifest content (of dreams)

Hidden symbolic meaning of dream

Latent content

Random activity in lower brain centers results in the manufacture of relatively bizarre, meaningless dreams by higher brain centers - brain tries to interpret random info and manufactures a dream

Activation-synthesis theory

Dreams reflecr everyday working thoughts and emotions

Neurocognitive dream theory

Altered state of consciousness characterised by intensely narrowed attention and increased openness to suggestion

Hypnosis

"Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness" - Ernest Hilgard proposed hypnosis as a dissociatice state - hidden observer: detached part of hypnotized person's awareness that silently observes events

State theories

Hypnosis is not a distinct state; blend of conformity, relaxation, imagination, obedience and role playing

Non state theories

Reality of hypnosis

- People must cooperate to be hypnotised

Basic suggestion effect

Tendency of hypnotised people to carry out suggested actions as though they were involuntary

How easily a person can be hypnotised

Hypnotic susceptibility

Hypnosis can:

- increase memory - produce brief amnesia - reduce pain - produce sensory changes - get people to relax and make better progress in therapy

Hypnosis cannot:

- produce superhuman act - produce true age regression - force you to do things against your will

Simulation of hypnotic effects - entertain, not hypnotise

Stage hypnosis

People on stage do not want to spoil the act so they will follow any suggestion

Waking suggestibility

Mental exercise for producing relaxation or heightened awareness

Meditation

Innate physiological pattern that opposes your body's fight or flight mechanism

Relaxation response

Forms of meditation

Concentrative meditation: you attend to a single focal point, object, thought or your own breathing Mindfulness meditation: based on bewildering attention to become nonjudgementally aware of everything experienced at any given moment

Any major reduction in amount/variety of sensory stimulation. Benefits: sensory enhancement, relaxation, changing habits REST: Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy

Sensory deprivation

Open, non judgemental awareness of current experience and associated with self knowledge and wellbeing

Mindfulness

Substance capable of altering atrention, judgement, memory, time, sense, self-control, emotion, ot perception

Psychoactive drug

Subtance that increases activity in body and nervous systen

Stimulant

Substance that decreases activity in body and nervous system

Depressant

Compulsive use if a drug to maintain bodily comfort Withdrawal symptoms: physical illness and discomfort followinf withdrawal of a drug

Physical dependencw (addiction)

Reduction in body's response to a drug

Drug tolerance

Use of drug necessary to maintain comfort or well-being - crave drugs and its rewarding qualities

Psychological dependence

Patterns of drug abuse

- Experimental: short-term, out of curiousity - Socio-recreational: occasional social use for pleasure or relaxation - Situational: use to cope with a specific problem, such as needing to stay awake - Intensive: daily use with elements of dependence - Compulsive: intensive use and extreme dependence

Abuse of more than one drug at the same time - when mixed, one drug enhances the effect of another; responsibke for thousands of fatao drug overdoses every year

Polydrug abuse

Synthetic stimulants that excite nervous system (ie. dexedrine and methamphetamine) - treats ADHD to improve physical and mental performance (ie. Aderall and Ritalin)

Amphetamines

Amphetaminr Abuse

Large doses = nausea, high blood pressure, fatal heart attacks, disabling strokes

Loss of contact with reality because of amphetamine use; user tends to have paranoid delusions

Amphetamine psychosis

Central nervous system stimulant derived from the leaves of a coca plant - highky addictive - adhedonia (inability to feel pleasure - withdrawal)

Cocaine

Chemically similar to amphetamine - created by small variations in the drug's structure -may cause severe liver damage and fatal heart exhaustion - repeated use = serotonorgic brain

MDMA (ecstasy)

Most frequenty used psychoactive drug in north america; in coffee, cola, etc. - can cause tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or sleepiness, increases alertness

Caffine

Physiological dependence on caffeine - insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chilles, racing heart, elevated body temp. Can cause birth defects

Caffeinism

Natural stimulant - found in tobacco, large doses can cause stomach pain, vomitting, diarrhea, confusion, tremors - very addictive - smoking-cause lung cancer (chewing tobacco also kills) - second-hand smoke; smokers also endanger the health of other nonsmokers nearby

Nicotine

Sedative drugs that depress brain activity (seconal and nembutal)

Barbiturates

Drug that relaxes and sedates; mix of degreasing solvent and drain cleaner - may result in nausea, loss of muscle control, sleep of unconsciousness - inhibits gag reflexes so some choke to death on their own vomit

GHB

Drug that lowers anxiety and reduces tension (ie. Valium, Xanax, Halcion, Librium)

Tranquiliser

Related to Valium, lowers inhibitions and produces relaxation or intoxication - date rape drug - odorless and tasteless

Rohypnol

Intoxicating element in fermented and distilled liquours - depressant, not stimulant - lowers inhibitions

Ethyl alcohol

Shortsighted thinking and perception that occurs during alcohol intoxication

Alcohol myopia

Consuming 4-5 or more drinks in a short time - in teens = may lead to 10% loss of brain power, especially memory

Binge drinking

Treatment for alcohol dependence: Withdrawal of the person from alcohol; occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled; often necessary before long term treatment starts

Detoxification

Worldwide self-help organisation composed of recovering alcoholics; emphasizes "12-step" program admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting to recover

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

Substance that alters or distorts sensory impressions

Hallucinogens

Hallucinogen that can prodyluce hallucinations and other psychotic-like symptoms

LSD- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

Other hallucinogens

Mescaline (peyote) and psilocybin (magic mushrooms)

Initially hallucinogenic effects - also an anesthetic and has stimulant/depressant effects

Angel dust

Leaves and flowers of the hemp plant - cannabis sativa

Marijuana

Resinous material scraped from cannabis leaves

Hashish

Risks of Marijuana

- increase risk of cancer - supporess immune system - increase risk of disease - THC may cause higher risk of miscarriage - activity levels in cerebellum lower than normal in pot users - pot may damage some of brain's memory centers

Four dream processes hide true purpose of dreams (dream interpretation - freud)

1) condensation - combining several people/objects into a single dream image 2) displacement - directing emotions or actions toward safe/unimportant dream images 3) symbolisation: nonliteral expression of dream content 4) Secondary elaboration: making a dream more logical and complete while remembering it

"Most dreams are a special message about what is missing in our lives, what we avoid doing, or feelings we need to reown"

Fritz Perls

Dreams arise as our brains seek to make creative connections - focus on unusual dream elements to unlock a dream's meaning - overall emotional tone = major clue to its meaning

Ernest Hartmann

Person feels fully awake within the dream and feels capabke of normal thought and action

Lucid dreaming

Chapter 5 Flashcards

(93 cards)