Chapter 4

Question 1

Hypothetical common ancestor between fish and tetrapods

Answer 1

Ancestral rhipidistian

Question 2

General term for diverse group of oldest known vertebrates, extinct

Bony dermal armor of broad plates and smaller tile-like scales, no paired fins

No Jaws- could change pharyngeal shape to draw water in and out

Answer 2

Ostracoderms

Question 3

Slime eels, marine, scavengers and parasitic, no buccal denticles

Clean whales and farmed for leather

Answer 3

Hagfishes

Question 4

Buccal funnel with horny denticles and a toungelike cartilaginous rod with horny teeth

Mostly live in fresh water but some are andromedous

Live in sea and mate in water

Answer 4

Lamprey

Question 5

Placoderms, heavily armored fishes

Extinct

Paired fins *analogues to other fins of fish

Answer 5

Gnathostomes

Question 6

Covers gills

Answer 6

Operculum

Question 7

Rat fish

Rat mouth and tail

Wings like a bird

Answer 7

Chimaera- holocephalons

Question 8

Cartilaginous fishes (bone only in their unique placoid scales and their teeth)

Mouth usually ventral rather than terminal

Answer 8

Chrondrichthyes

Question 9

What are the 2 types of chondrichthyes

Answer 9

Elasmobranches and holocephalans

Question 10

Include extinct Paleozoic sharks, modern sharks (squaliformes), plus skates, rays and sawfishes (rajiformes), all have naked gill slits (no operculum) and heterocercal tails

Answer 10

Elasmobranches

Question 11

What are heterocercal tails

Answer 11

Dorsal fin is longer than ventral fin

Question 12

Chimaeras
Lack scales, fleshy operculum, upper jaw fused to braincase, bony plates instead of teeth to grind up food

Answer 12

Holocephalans

Question 13

Member of teleostomi

Oldest Jawed fishes (extinct)

Head and body covered by bony dermal armour

Skeleton of bone and cartilage

Have operculum

Median and paired fins supported by hollow spines

Answer 13

Acanthodians

Question 14

Member of teleostomi
Bony fishes characterized by having an air sac(lung or swim bladder) and by much dermal bone on the head and shoulder girdle

Group subdivided by structure of paired appendages (ray and lobe fins)

Answer 14

Osteichthyans

Question 15

Ray finned fishes

True bony fishes w/ membranous fins from basal skeletal elements in body wall, no internal nares, bony operculum, swim bladder often present, blind sac sensory region that does not go into oral cavity

Answer 15

Actinopterygii

Question 16

Oldest ray finned fishes

Answer 16

Basal actinopterygians

Question 17

2 types of neopterygians

Part of the ray finned fishes

Answer 17

Holosteans and teleosts

Question 18

Older group including the gars and bowfins

Answer 18

Holosteans

Question 19

More recently evolved group, tail not heterocercal, scales less bony and more flexible, Jaws and palate more flexible, pelvic fins farther forward, occupy all aquatic niches 96% of all living fishes, great morphologic diversity

Answer 19

Teleosts

Question 20

Rhipsidian

Shows where tetrapods may have come from

Answer 20

Lobe fin

Question 21

Bony fishes, fleshy lobe at base of paired fins, internal nares that invaginates into oral cavity so they can breathe, oropharyngeal cavity, gas filled swim bladder, bony operculum

Answer 21

Sarcopterygii lobe finned fishes

Question 22

Types of sarcoptergyii lobe finned fishes

Answer 22

Actinistians
Rhipsidians
Dipnoans

Question 23

Extinct except for the colecanth latimeria

Answer 23

Actinistians

Question 24

Tetrapod like appendage skeletal elements, amphibian like skull

Answer 24

Rhipsidians

Question 25

True lung fishes

Answer 25

Dipnoans

Question 26

Types of amphibia

Answer 26

Labyrinthodonts Temnospondyls Microsaurs Lissamphibians

Question 27

Lissamphibians Includes 3 orders of extant amphibians

Answer 27

Apodans Urodeles Anurans

Question 28

Extinct swamp dwellers, tooth dentin was completely folded, many features differed from modern amphibians (bony dermal scales in skin), fishlike tail, primitive fish like skull

Answer 28

Labryinthodonts

Question 29

Extinct, some members had skeletal similarities to modern frogs and salamanders

Answer 29

Temnospondyls

Question 30

Fossil forms with skeletal features of caecilians (burrowers)

Answer 30

Microsaurs

Question 31

Limbless caecilians No feet

Answer 31

Apodans

Question 32

Includes the salamanders Many have permanent gills perrenibrachiate Retain gills even as an adult

Answer 32

Urodeles

Question 33

The tailless frogs and toads Start with tails but lose with maturation

Answer 33

Anurans

Question 34

Derived from labyrinthodonts Reptiles and synapsids Process extraembryonic membranes

Answer 34

Amniotes

Question 35

From labyrinthodonts Were ectothermic (cold blooded) and adapted for terrestrial existence 3 extraembryonic membranes that make up placenta (amnion, chorion, allantois) Porous egg shell Body surface covered w/ thick layer of cornified epidermal cells organized into overlapping scales Neck and single occipital condyle Pelvic girdle articulates w/ 2 vertebrae (stouter brace for more powerful hind limbs) Claws on digits New kidneys Partial or complete left/right division of heart chambers

Answer 35

Reptilia sauropsida

Question 36

2 types of reptilia

Answer 36

Anapsids and diapsids

Question 37

Contains the turtles No fossae in temporal region of skull

Answer 37

Anapsids

Question 38

2 temporal fossae

Answer 38

Diapsids

Question 39

2 types of diapsids

Answer 39

Lepidosaurs and archosaurs

Question 40

3 types of leipodosaurs

Answer 40

Rhynchocephalians Squamates Pleisosaurs and ichthyosaurs

Question 41

Primitive lizards Only a single survivor remains Tuatora and spenodon

Answer 41

Rhynchocephalians

Question 42

The scaly modern reptiles including lizards, snakes, and the snake like burrowing amphisibenians

Answer 42

Squamates

Question 43

Extinct marine reptiles with secondarily acquired single temporal fossa

Answer 43

Plesiosaurs and icthyosaurs

Question 44

Includes pterosaurs (bat like wings); saurischian (predatory carnivores) and ornithischian (bird like pelvis, herbivores) dinosaurs and living crocodilians

Answer 44

Archosaurs

Question 45

Has a pelvic girdle like ours

Answer 45

Predatory carnivores

Question 46

Pelvic girdle that points back

Answer 46

Pelvic girdle like birds Ornithischian

Question 47

Reptike with porpoise shape

Answer 47

Ichthyosaur

Question 48

Also includes aves that are endothermic and have feathers plus many other modifications related to the development of flight A) archaeornithes B) neornithes

Answer 48

Archosaurs

Question 49

Extinct birds with modern like feathers, but long reptilian tail, and thecodont teeth

Answer 49

Archaeornithes

Question 50

Contains the extinct toothed marine birds and the marine toothless birds

Answer 50

Neornithes

Question 51

Single temporal fossae Pelycosaurs> therapids from which the mammals emerged (based on skull and dentition similarities

Answer 51

Synapsids

Question 52

Synapsid skull Hair Mammary gland and nipples (not monotremes) New lower jaw bone makeup and articulation 3 middle ear bones Muscular diaphragm separating thoracic and abdominal cavities Sweat glands (not all) Absence of adult cloaca Heterodont dentition (not toothed whales) Only 2 sets of teeth Biconcave and non-nucleated red blood cells External ear Development of cerebral cortex

Answer 52

Mammalia

Question 53

Agnatha 2 groups

Answer 53

Ostracoderms Living agnathans: Hagfish and lamprey

Question 54

Gnathostomes

Answer 54

Placoderms

Question 55

Chondrichthyes

Answer 55

Elasmobranches Holocephalans

Question 56

Teleostomi

Answer 56

Acanthodians Osteichthyans

Question 57

Actinopterygii

Answer 57

Basal actinopterygians Neopterygians: holosteans and teleosts

Question 58

Lays eggs, retain cloaca throughout life, no outer ear, testes stay within abdomen, brain lacks corpus callous, nonipples Protheria Platypus

Answer 58

Monotremata

Question 59

Young are born in an essentially larval state and then are incubated and nursed in maternal abdominal pouch of muscle and skin Arose in North America-> Australia before its isolation Metatheria Parallel evolution

Answer 59

Marsupial

Question 60

Primitive and generalized mammals; most have flat- footed gait and generally undifferentiated dentition

Answer 60

Insectivora

Question 61

Particularly specialized insectivores (no incisor or canine teeth, cheek teeth lack enamel, large front claws for digging); includes the armadillos, sloths, and south American anteaters

Answer 61

Xenarthra

Question 62

Another group of anteaters (aardvarks), peglike teeth without enamel

Answer 62

Tubulidentata

Question 63

The toothless scaly (agglutinated hair) anteater (pangolin)

Answer 63

Pholidota

Question 64

Bats probably derived from primitive insectivore; wing (patagium) of skin stretched along forelimbs (four elongated fingers), body and hindlimbs

Answer 64

Chiroptera

Question 65

2 types of primates

Answer 65

Prosimians Anthropoids

Question 66

Originally or still arboreal mammals that are derived from insectivore stock Specializations: grasping hand(opposed thumb); nails instead of claws on some digits; often a prehensile tail; large cerebral hemispheres; shortened snout; forward looking eyes; one pair of nipples on thorax

Answer 66

Primates

Question 67

Contains the lemurs (small, nocturnal, tree stingers, long axis of head in line with long axis of body, non-prehensile tail), the lorises (slow moving, nocturnal, no tail, vestigial index finger), and the tarsiers (resemble higher primates more than the lemurs)

Answer 67

Prosimians

Question 68

Long axis of head set at right angles to the vertebral column Divided into platyrrhines (New world, nostrils open to the side) and catarrhines (old world, nostrils close together and open downwards, no tail)

Answer 68

Anthropoids

Question 69

Rabbits, hares, and pikas with two pairs of incisors on upper jaw

Answer 69

Lagomorphs

Question 70

Largest mammalian order; with chisel-like incisors (single pair) but no canines(gap); and cellulose(plant) feeders

Answer 70

Rodentia

Question 71

Some are flesh eaters with powerful Jaws and large, sharp canine teeth (spearing and tearing) Includes both terrestrial (fiddepedia) and marine (pinnepedia) carnivores

Answer 71

Carnivora

Question 72

Herbivores Walk on the tips of their toes

Answer 72

Ungulates

Question 73

Horses and horse-like ungulates that walk with most weight borne on a single digit (mesaxonic foot)

Answer 73

Perrisodactyla

Question 74

Ruminant ungulates with most of their weight borne on two toes (paraxonic foot) Cleft foot animals

Answer 74

Artiodactyla

Question 75

Subunguates with digits that end in small, flat hooves

Answer 75

Hyracoidea

Question 76

Elephants and related subunguates with incisors elongated into tusks

Answer 76

Proboscoidea

Question 77

Descendants of primitive ungulate stock Chew on sea grass

Answer 77

Sirenia

Question 78

The permanently aquatic whales, dolphins, and porpoises

Answer 78

Cetacea