Chapter 4

Question 1

Dilution

Answer 1

(M1)(V1) = (M2)(V2)

Question 2

Strong Electrolytes

Answer 2

Ionic Compounds and Strong Acids that dissolve completely

Ex: HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃, HClO₄

Question 3

Molecular Equation

Ex: Potassium Sulfate + Silver Nitrate

Answer 3

Describes All Molecules
(Include aq, s, g state symbol)

Ex:
K₂SO₄ + 2AgNO₃ -> 2KNO₃ + Ag₂SO₄

Question 4

Ionic Equation

Ex: K₂SO₄ + 2AgNO₃ -> 2KNO₃ + Ag₂SO₄

Answer 4

Shows all ions broken down

Ex:
2K¹ + SO₄⁻² + 2Ag¹ + 2NO₃⁻¹ -> 2K¹ + 2NO₃⁻¹ +Ag₂SO₄

Question 5

Net Ionic Equation

Ex:
2K¹ + SO₄⁻² + 2Ag¹ + 2NO₃⁻¹ -> 2K¹ + 2NO₃⁻¹ +Ag₂SO₄

Answer 5

Shows only Participatory Ions

Ex: SO₄⁻² + 2Ag¹ -> Ag₂SO₄

Question 6

1.) Precipitation Reaction

2.) Precipitate

3.) What if no precipitate?

Answer 6

1.)Double Replacement:
aq + aq = s + aq

2.) Insoluble product (Solid)

3.) No Reaction

Question 7

Percent Yield

Answer 7

% = Actual / Theoretical

Question 8

4.1 Reading Climate Change and Combustion of fossil fuels

Answer 8

CO2 emissions have increased by 38% causing global temperature to rise .7 C

Without Greenhouse gases earth would be 60F colder

Question 9

4.2 Reading Reaction Stoichiometry

Answer 9

Stoichiometry: Numerical relationships between chemical amounts in a balanced chemical equation

The coefficients in a chemical equation specify the relative amount in moles of each substance

Question 10

MTBE in Gasoline

Answer 10

In combustion, if the limiting reactant does not fully react with the other reactant then other substances are formed
Ex: CO when gas isn’t burned cleanly, or O3 from hydrocarbons

Clean Air Act: Gasoline must now include additives (MTBE) to increase O2 in gas so that combustion is clean and no pollutants are made

BUT: MTBE is a carcinogen and a persistent pollutant

SO Ethanol is considered as a substitute

Question 11

Titration

Answer 11

Find concentration/molarity of unknown substance(W/ known volume) in a solution given the molarity & volume of the known concentration substance

1.) Find moles of known substance using molarity formula
2.) convert moles of known substance to moles of unknown substance via the balance equation
3.) Use moles of an unknown substance and the given volume to find the molarity
*if molar ratio of balanced equation is 1:1 -> use dilution formula instead (M1V1 = M2V2)

Question 12

Identify an Acid-Base reaction

Neutralization Reaction

Answer 12

aq + aq = Salt + Water

Net Ionic = H¹ + OH⁻¹ = H2O)

Question 13

Identify a Gas-Evolving Reaction

Answer 13

aq + aq = g + aq

Gas formed via ion exchange or decomp of a product of ion exchange (Product is unstable and a 2nd reaction (Decomp) occurs)

Question 14

Combustion Reaction

Answer 14

CxHyOz + O₂ -> (CO₂) + H₂O

Question 15

Oxidation Reaction

Oxidizing Agent

Reducing Agent

Answer 15

A reaction where electrons are transferred from one reactant to another. (Free elements become ionized)

Oxidizing Agent: The reactant that causes another reactant to lose electrons/oxidize

Reducing Agent: The reactant that causes another reactant to gain electrons/be reduced

Ex: 2Fe + O₂ -> Fe₂O₃

Fe original O-level: 0
Fe new O-level: +3

O₂ original O-level: 0
O₂ new O-level: -2

Question 16

Conductivity Formula

Answer 16

Conductivity = Molarity * # of Ions

Question 17

Gas Units:
1 atm = ?

Answer 17

1 atm = 760 mmhg/Torr = 101.3 kPa = 14.7 psi

Question 18

Boyle’s Law

Answer 18

Pressure and volume are inversely proportional

P1V1 = P2V2

Question 19

Charle’s Law

Answer 19

Volume and temperature directly proportional

(V1/T1) = (V2/T2)

Question 20

Avogadro’s Law

Answer 20

Volume is directly proportional to # of moles

(V1/n1) = (V2/n2)

Question 21

Gay-Lussac’s Law

Answer 21

Pressure and temperature are directly proportional

(P1/T1) = (P2/T2)

Question 22

Ideal Gas Law

Answer 22

PV = nRT

R: Constant Gas
R = 0.08206 atmL/kmol