Chapter 4

Question 1

Make sure you know the significance of these date in European history.
* 1789
* 1815
* 1848

Answer 1

• 1789 It’s the start of the French Revolution
• 1815 It’s the year when Napoleon was defeated, and the monarchy power is back on the social system in many places.
• 1848 It’s where popular revolts and revolutions happened again all over in Europe against monarchies.

Question 2

the People’s Spring:
* What was it?
* Where did it start and why (remote and proximal causes)
* What was at stake?
* What were the results?

Answer 2

• What was it? It was the revolution of 1848 when many protest and movement against monarchy happened again in Europe.
• Where did it start and why (remote and proximal causes) It started in France because the French Revolution in 1789 had spread the seeds of democracy and nationalism.
• What was at stake? (who vs. whom, and for what?) It was between the people who against monarchy system and the monarchs. They wanted to fight for their freedom.
• What were the results? (both short- and long-term) In the short-term, the revolution failed, but the movement and impact had affected the democracy in the future at a strong level.

Question 3

3. Explain how each of the following contributed to the People’s Spring?
   * the Enlightenment
   * Romanticism
   * the Industrial Revolution

Answer 3

• the Enlightenment It had set the stage, with its ideas of individualism, human rights, and popular sovereignty.
• Romanticism It stressed the individualism and added the notions of heroism and heroic struggle.
• the Industrial Revolution It set in motion enormous social and economic forces, including the increasing assertiveness of the new middle class and the proletariat.

Question 4

the Congress of Vienna

Answer 4

It was a meeting to reconstruct the European political order after the downfall of the Napolean’s war. It was held in Vienna from Sep 1814 to June 1815.

Question 5

nation vs. state vs. nation-state: What is the author’s main point regarding Germany, the Austrian Empire, Italy, the Ottoman Empire, and Russia (collectively speaking).

Answer 5

Germany did not exist at the time, The Austrian Empire was a combination of German, Hungarian, and Slavic peoples. The Ottoman Empire controlled southeastern Europe, and Russia was a multinational empire with dozens of major nationalities.

Question 6

the Quadruple Alliance

Answer 6

It was an alliance formed by the monarchist of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Great Britain to coordinate conservative efforts to squelch any new outbreaks of Bonapartism and revolution.

Question 7

the Concert of Europe

Answer 7

It was the general consensus among the Great Power of 19th Century Europe to maintain the European balance of power, political boundaries.