Chapter 4

Question 1

Define evolution

Answer 1

A change in heritable traits in a population over time

Question 2

What is behaviour?

Answer 2

An organisms actions in response to some stimulus

Question 3

What is a gene?

Answer 3

A basic unit of heredity; how ‘stuff’ is passed on from parent to offspring

Question 4

If you ____ something, you usually receive it from an ancestor

Answer 4

inherit

Question 5

What is a genotype?

Answer 5

A person’s genetic makeup

Question 6

What is a phenotype?

Answer 6

The observable characteristics due to the genetic makeup

Question 7

What’s the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

Answer 7

Genotype - specific genetic makeup (eye colour)
Phenotype - observable characteristics (tanning)

Question 8

What are chromosomes?

Answer 8

Molecules that carry DNA

Question 9

Genes code for the production of _____

Answer 9

proteins

Question 10

If a gene pair is _____, the characteristic it controls will be displayed

Answer 10

dominant

Question 11

If a gene in a pair is ____, the characteristic will not show up unless the partner gene is also ____

Answer 11

recessive; recessive

Question 12

What is an allele?

Answer 12

Alternative from of the gene you can inherit

Question 13

What is epigenetics?

Answer 13

Lasting changes in gene expression during development that are not caused by the genes themselves; activation/deactivation of certain genes

Question 14

What is the recombinant DNA procedure?

Answer 14

1) Use enzymes to cut DNA into pieces
2) Combine with DNA of another organism
3) Insert combined DNA into host cell

Question 15

What procedure has been used to produce human growth hormones and vaccines?

Answer 15

Recombinant DNA Procedure

Question 16

What does the gene knockout procedure do?

Answer 16

Alter a specific gene so it cannot function

Question 17

What are some problems associated with the Gene Knockout Procedure?

Answer 17

Few behaviours linked to single genes; multiple genes and systems can be involved

Question 18

What is CRISPR?

Answer 18

A way to edit genes in organisms efficiently (genetic altering tool)

Question 19

What is behaviour genetics?

Answer 19

The study of how genetic and environmental components lead to changes in behaviour

Question 20

What happens during adoption studies?

Answer 20

Start with a person who was adopted at a young age and compare characteristic(s) with both biological and adoptive parents (environment is the only thing altered)

Question 21

What is the idea behind heredity of intelligence?

Answer 21

If intelligence is genetically determined, people with the same genes would have equal IQs

Question 22

Genes account for __% to __% of intelligence

Answer 22

50; 70

Question 23

What is the reaction range?

Answer 23

Range of possibilities that genetic code allows (has upper and lower limits)

Question 24

_______ effects determine where a person falls within these limits

Answer 24

Environmental

Question 25

What are the "Big Five" personality traits?

Answer 25

1) Extraversion/Introversion 2) Agreeableness 3) Conscientiousness (responsible/dependable) 4) Neuroticism 5) Openness

Question 26

What is evolution?

Answer 26

Change in heritable traits in a population over time

Question 27

What is natural selection?

Answer 27

The process by which evolution occurs

Question 28

What are some social adaptations in humans?

Answer 28

Innate ability to acquire language; responsiveness to human faces; group-seeking behaviour; some universal emotions

Question 29

What is the Evolutionary Personality Theory?

Answer 29

There are limited dimensions to personality; these dimensions are universal and they exist because they facilitate core behaviours

Question 30

What are the 5 universal personality traits according to the Evolutionary Personality Theory?

Answer 30

1) Extraversion/Introversion 2) Emotional stability (neurocentricism)

Question 31

What are the 5 universal personality traits according to the Evolutionary Personality Theory?

Answer 31

1) Extraversion/Introversion 2) Emotional stability (neuroticism) 3) Openness 4) Agreeableness 5) Consciousness

Question 32

What is parental investment?

Answer 32

The time, effort, energy, and risk associated with caring successfully for each offspring

Question 33

Define cooperation

Answer 33

One individual helps another and gains some advantage

Question 34

Define altruism

Answer 34

One individual helps another but there are costs involved

Question 35

What is the purpose of Kin Selection Theory?

Answer 35

To increase the likelihood of relatives surviving

Question 36

If kin selection theory is true what should we see?

Answer 36

A positive relationship between acts of altruism and degree of relatedness

Question 37

What does reciprocal altruism theory contribute to?

Answer 37

Long-term cooperation

Question 38

If the reciprocal altruism theory is true, what should we see?

Answer 38

Individuals should remember who has and has not helped in the past (doesn't require relatedness)

Question 39

What are possible reasons that aggression has evolved?

Answer 39

To protect one's mate, young, territory, and/or food; take another's resources; gain access to new resources

Question 40

Aggression in social animals can lead to what?

Answer 40

Dominance hierarchies