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PSYCH 104 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define evolution

A

A change in heritable traits in a population over time

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2
Q

What is behaviour?

A

An organisms actions in response to some stimulus

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

A basic unit of heredity; how ‘stuff’ is passed on from parent to offspring

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4
Q

If you ____ something, you usually receive it from an ancestor

A

inherit

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5
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A person’s genetic makeup

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6
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The observable characteristics due to the genetic makeup

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7
Q

What’s the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

A

Genotype - specific genetic makeup (eye colour)
Phenotype - observable characteristics (tanning)

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8
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Molecules that carry DNA

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9
Q

Genes code for the production of _____

A

proteins

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10
Q

If a gene pair is _____, the characteristic it controls will be displayed

A

dominant

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11
Q

If a gene in a pair is ____, the characteristic will not show up unless the partner gene is also ____

A

recessive; recessive

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12
Q

What is an allele?

A

Alternative from of the gene you can inherit

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13
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Lasting changes in gene expression during development that are not caused by the genes themselves; activation/deactivation of certain genes

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14
Q

What is the recombinant DNA procedure?

A

1) Use enzymes to cut DNA into pieces
2) Combine with DNA of another organism
3) Insert combined DNA into host cell

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15
Q

What procedure has been used to produce human growth hormones and vaccines?

A

Recombinant DNA Procedure

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16
Q

What does the gene knockout procedure do?

A

Alter a specific gene so it cannot function

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17
Q

What are some problems associated with the Gene Knockout Procedure?

A

Few behaviours linked to single genes; multiple genes and systems can be involved

18
Q

What is CRISPR?

A

A way to edit genes in organisms efficiently (genetic altering tool)

19
Q

What is behaviour genetics?

A

The study of how genetic and environmental components lead to changes in behaviour

20
Q

What happens during adoption studies?

A

Start with a person who was adopted at a young age and compare characteristic(s) with both biological and adoptive parents (environment is the only thing altered)

21
Q

What is the idea behind heredity of intelligence?

A

If intelligence is genetically determined, people with the same genes would have equal IQs

22
Q

Genes account for __% to __% of intelligence

A

50; 70

23
Q

What is the reaction range?

A

Range of possibilities that genetic code allows (has upper and lower limits)

24
Q

_______ effects determine where a person falls within these limits

A

Environmental

25
Q

What are the “Big Five” personality traits?

A

1) Extraversion/Introversion
2) Agreeableness
3) Conscientiousness (responsible/dependable)
4) Neuroticism
5) Openness

26
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change in heritable traits in a population over time

27
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The process by which evolution occurs

28
Q

What are some social adaptations in humans?

A

Innate ability to acquire language; responsiveness to human faces; group-seeking behaviour; some universal emotions

29
Q

What is the Evolutionary Personality Theory?

A

There are limited dimensions to personality; these dimensions are universal and they exist because they facilitate core behaviours

30
Q

What are the 5 universal personality traits according to the Evolutionary Personality Theory?

A

1) Extraversion/Introversion
2) Emotional stability (neurocentricism)

31
Q

What are the 5 universal personality traits according to the Evolutionary Personality Theory?

A

1) Extraversion/Introversion
2) Emotional stability (neuroticism)
3) Openness
4) Agreeableness
5) Consciousness

32
Q

What is parental investment?

A

The time, effort, energy, and risk associated with caring successfully for each offspring

33
Q

Define cooperation

A

One individual helps another and gains some advantage

34
Q

Define altruism

A

One individual helps another but there are costs involved

35
Q

What is the purpose of Kin Selection Theory?

A

To increase the likelihood of relatives surviving

36
Q

If kin selection theory is true what should we see?

A

A positive relationship between acts of altruism and degree of relatedness

37
Q

What does reciprocal altruism theory contribute to?

A

Long-term cooperation

38
Q

If the reciprocal altruism theory is true, what should we see?

A

Individuals should remember who has and has not helped in the past (doesn’t require relatedness)

39
Q

What are possible reasons that aggression has evolved?

A

To protect one’s mate, young, territory, and/or food; take another’s resources; gain access to new resources

40
Q

Aggression in social animals can lead to what?

A

Dominance hierarchies

PSYCH 104 (5 decks)

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