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Biol 389-Immuno > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

innate immune system

A

phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophage)
granules

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2
Q

adaptive immune system

A

lymphocytes
B and T cells

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3
Q

innate immunity

A

PRR recognize common pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
unable to recognize novel pathogens
TLRs

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4
Q

adaptive immunity

A

diverse receptors specific for particular molecules on particular pathogens
capable of recognizing novel foreign molecules

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5
Q

immune memory

A

increased numbers of daughter B and T cells with same specificity serve to combat future infections by the same pathogen

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6
Q

T cell receptors

A

transmembrane proteins with very short cytoplasmic tails
variable regions of two chains together from the antigen binding site
need antigen presented, self-marker MHC molecule

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7
Q

Class I MHC

A

present peptides from degradation of proteins in cytosol
binds CD8 coreceptor on CD8+ cells

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8
Q

Class I MHC

A

present peptides from degradation of proteins in cytosol
binds CD8 coreceptor on CD8+ cells
inside the cell

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9
Q

Class II MHC

A

outside the cell
present peptides from extremely acquired proteins degraded in lysosomes
bind to CD4 coreceptor on CD4+ T cells

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10
Q

MHC polymorphism

A

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
chromosome 6

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11
Q

immunoglobulins (antibodies)

A

B cell receptors when expressed as a cell surface protein with a transmembrane domain
serve as soluble effector molecule when secreted by activated and differentiated B cell progeny (plasma cells)

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12
Q

immunoglobulin structure

A

2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains
variable and constant regions

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13
Q

effector functions of secreted soluble immunoglobulins

A

neutralization of foreign particle or pathogen
opsonization
complement activation
activation of innate immune cells
protection of internal mucosal surfaces

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14
Q

why does the adaptive system require days-2 weeks to respons?

A

has to screen T and B cells and find the one that works before stimulating the production of it

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15
Q

T cell development

A

mature in thymus
undergo somatic recombination of their receptor genes and selection for functional receptors

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16
Q

B cell development

A

develop in bone marrow
undergo somatic recombination of their receptor genes and selection for functional receptors

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17
Q

antigen processing and presentation

A

dendritic cell at the site of infection phagocytose pathogens and migrate to lymph nodes where they present peptide fragments to T cells

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18
Q

T and B cell receptor diversity

A

different exon combinations –> different proteins
independent choices for alpha and beta chains, T cell receptors, heavy and light chain for B cell receptors

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19
Q

antigen receptor gene arrangement

A

somatic recombination splices DNA fragments
only in developing T and B cells
only spliced gene segments are expressed

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20
Q

V segments

A

variable
T cell receptor alpha chain and immunoglobulin light chain
T cell receptor beta chain and immunoglobulin heavy chain

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21
Q

J segments

A

joining
T cell receptor alpha and beta chain
immuno

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22
Q

J segments

A

joining
T cell receptor alpha and beta chain
immunoglobulin light and heavy chain

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23
Q

D segments

A

diverse??
T cell receptor beta chain
immunoglobulin heavy chain

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24
Q

t cell receptor gene rearrangements

Study These Flashcards
A

one unique t-cell receptor expressed

25
t cell receptor gene rearrangements
one unique t-cell receptor expressed alpha chain joins single randomly V alpha to a single randomly selected J alpha segment forming random VaJa segments
26
immunoglobulin gene rearrangement
heavy chain rearrangement joins a Vh segment to a Dh and Jh forming VHDHJH but the H are subscripts light chain recombines VKJK OR VλJλ but K and λ as subscripts too, not both at the same time
27
V(D)J recombinase
recombine DNA loop and intervening sequences RAG1 and RAG2 bind and recognize recombination signal sequences that border V D and J DNA segments
28
RAG
recombination activating gene
29
RSS
recombination signal sequences contain a heptamer sequence, nonamer sequence, and either a 12-bp or 23-bp spacer between
30
diversity at the joints
RAG1/RAG2 recombinase cutting at the RSSs creates hairpins nicking by artemis creates single-strand palindromic overhangs that create P-nucleotides add/remove random nucleotides in multiples of three to increase diversity
31
positive selection
successful production of functional protein allows the cell to proceed to the next step in development
32
negative selection
remove autoreactive immune cells determine how fast and accurately it recognizes self wants moderate binding to MHC complexes
33
antigen presentation
MHC molecules present peptides on the surface for inspection by T cells most peptides are not recognized by T cells during an infection some are recognized by T cells
34
class I MHC
present peptides from proteins made inside transmembrane alpha chain forms peptide binding pocket
35
class II MHC
present peptides extracellularly transmembrane alpha and beta chains together form peptide binding pocket
36
class III
genes include immune regulatory proteins and some complement
37
MHC I presentation
1. proteins in cytoplasm digested to peptide fragments by proteasome 2. peptide fragments transported into ER and loaded onto class I MHC molecules 3. complexes exit ER, travel to plasma membrane via secretory pathway which can then activate a CD8 T cell
38
MHC II presentation
1. proteases in phagolysosomes degrade endocytosed or phagocytosed proteins into peptide fragments 2. phagolysosomes fuse with secretory vesicles that contain MHC II proteins 3. complexes travel to plasma membrane 4. CD4 T cell can be activated
39
T cell receptor signaling
alpha and beta chains have short cytoplasmic tails receptors associate with other transmembrane proteins forming CD3 complex
40
CD3 complex
proteins with cytoplasmic tails with signaling motifs
41
CD4 T cell
helper T cell
42
CD8 T cell
cytotoxic T cell kill intracellularly affected cells, target inside protein
43
TH1
activated macophages
44
TH2
helps activate B cells
45
TH17
activates neutrophils
46
NK T cells
act like cytotoxic T cells (CTLs)
47
regulatory T cells
induces tolerance
48
memory t cells
all activated T cells form memory T cells can last for decades
49
B cell receptor complex
membrane bound antibody no antigen presentation external antigen interacts with external area of protein activates B cell differentiation into antibody-secreting cells
50
isotypes
constant Fc arrow shaft
51
isiotypes
antigen specificity
52
allotypes
allele sequence causing variation
53
IgM
default present on membrane and secreted B cell receptor
54
IgD
present on membrane default B cell receptor
55
IgD
B cell receptor main circulatory secondary immune response
56
IgE
B cell receptor mass cells granulocyte sugar ? hay fever allergy
57
IgA
B cell receptor secreted dimer mucosal membrane
58
primary immune response
first exposure to antigen requires 10-14 days for antigen processins, migration of dendritic cells, presentation to T cells, differentiation of T and B cells
59
secondary immune response
memory cells encounter antigen faster; respond more effectively stronger/faster (1 day)

Biol 389-Immuno (5 decks)

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