Chapter 4

Question 1

bi-

Answer 1

twice, double, two

Question 2

clon/o

Answer 2

violent action

Question 3

dys-

Answer 3

bad, difficult, or painful

Question 4

fasci/o

Answer 4

fascia, fibrous band

Question 5

fibr/o

Answer 5

fibrous tissue, fiber

Question 6

-ia

Answer 6

abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium

Question 7

-ic

Answer 7

pertaining to

Question 8

kines/o, kinesi/o

Answer 8

movement

Question 9

-lysis

Answer 9

to set free, break down

Question 10

my/o

Answer 10

muscle

Question 11

-plegia

Answer 11

paralysis, stroke

Question 12

tax/o

Answer 12

coordination, order

Question 13

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

Answer 13

tendon, stretch out, extend, strain

Question 14

ton/o

Answer 14

tone, stretching, tension

Question 15

tri-

Answer 15

three

Question 16

how many muscles does the body have?

Answer 16

more than 600

Question 17

how much of the body’s weight do muscles make up?

Answer 17

40-50%

Question 18

made up of fibers covered with fascia; attached to bones by tendons; voluntary, striated muscles

Answer 18

skeletal muscles

Question 19

walls of internal organs; involuntary, unstriated, visceral muscles

Answer 19

smooth muscles

Question 20

walls of the heart; constant contraction and
relaxation causes the heartbeat

Answer 20

myocardical muscle

Question 21

means relating to the chest

Answer 21

pectoral

Question 22

means huge

Answer 22

vastus

Question 23

means towards the side

Answer 23

lateralis

Question 24

means towards the middle

Answer 24

medialis

Question 25

Slanted or at an angle Examples: external and internal obliques

Answer 25

oblique

Question 26

Straight alignment with vertical axis of the body Examples: rectus abdominis and rectus femoris

Answer 26

rectus

Question 27

Ring-like muscle; constricts opening Example: anal sphincter

Answer 27

sphincter

Question 28

Crosswise direction Example: transverse abdominis

Answer 28

transverse

Question 29

Band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally Can form in muscles or in internal organs, as the result of an injury or surgery

Answer 29

adhesion

Question 30

Weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures Can be caused by pathology or by disuse of the muscle over a long period of time

Answer 30

atrophy

Question 31

Physically wasting away due to loss of weight and muscle mass Occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS

Answer 31

cachexia

Question 32

Tissue protruding through a weak area in the muscle normally containing it Inguinal (groin) hernia: most common type

Answer 32

hernia

Question 33

tenderness or pain in the muscles

Answer 33

myalgia

Question 34

Simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many body parts

Answer 34

Polymyositis (PM)

Question 35

Death of muscle fibers releases contents into the bloodstream; can lead to complications such as renal failure

Answer 35

Rhabdomyolysis

Question 36

Loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging

Answer 36

Sarcopenia

Question 37

Lacking normal muscle tone or strength

Answer 37

Atonic

Question 38

Movement disorder Characterized by involuntary and sometimes repetitive contraction of certain muscles

Answer 38

Dystonia

Question 39

Diminished tone of the skeletal muscles Described as floppy baby syndrome in infants

Answer 39

Hypotonia

Question 40

Lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement Often shaky and unsteady movements

Answer 40

ataxia

Question 41

Permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin Normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues

Answer 41

Contracture

Question 42

Poor circulation causes pain in the leg muscles during exercise but is relieved by rest

Answer 42

Intermittent claudication (IC)

Question 43

Sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles Repeated spasm, often involving the eyelids or face, is called a tic

Answer 43

Spasm

Question 44

Quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles May occur normally as a person is falling asleep Jerks, shakes, or spasms resulting from a neurological disorder

Answer 44

Myoclonus

Question 45

Myoclonus of the diaphragm

Answer 45

Singultus (hiccups)

Question 46

Stiff neck Spasmodic contraction of neck muscles pulling the head toward the affected side

Answer 46

Torticollis (wryneck)

Question 46

Chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction

Answer 46

Myasthenia Gravis

Question 47

Progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles Two most common forms: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)

Answer 47

Muscular Dystrophy (MD)

Question 48

Weakness or slight muscular paralysis

Answer 48

Myoparesis

Question 49

Weakness or slight paralysis affecting one side of the body Common effect of a stroke

Answer 49

Hemiparesis

Question 50

Total paralysis affecting only one side of the body

Answer 50

Hemiplegia

Question 51

Paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body

Answer 51

Paraplegia (partial paralysis)

Question 52

Paralysis of all four extremities

Answer 52

Quadriplegia (tetraplegia)