chapter 4 Flashcards
annual incidence of AD
-6-8%
-slightly higher prevalence rate is found in women
-duration ranges from 2-20 years
-accounts for more than half of all patients with dementia
brain changes
-hippocampal atrophy
-atrophy in both hemispheres
-presence of: neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, granulovacular degeneration
neuritic plaques
complex spherical structures consisting of extracellular depostits of B-amyloid peptide AB42)
neurofibrillary tangles (NFT)
insoluble intracellular aggregates of abnormal hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated or tau proteins
granulovacular degeneration
fuild-filled spaces which contain granular debris and these interrupt interceullar communication and information processing
diagnostic markers of AD
presence of both neuritic plaques and neurofibillary tangles in large concentrations in different areas of the brain
AD begins ______
in the lower part of the brain and works it way up
-stage 1: transentorhinal region
-stage 2: entorhinal region
-stage 3: limbic regions -stage 4: neocortical sensroy assoc. and prefrontal region
gender risk factors
elderly woman have a higher risk for AD dementia
among all the dementia, mean are at a higher risk for
vascular dementia
associated risk factors with gender
-greater cardiovascular disease
-lower educational or physical activity levels
2 times higher incidence o dementia and AD in
African-American and Hispanic populations
Asian countries have
lower prevalence of dementia
older adults with ______ education are less likely to develop dementia
higher
cardiovascular factors
risk factors for cardiovascular disease (diabetes mellitus, hypertension) are also associated with increased risk of dementia
diabetes mellitus
-older adults with diabetes had approx. a 2-fold increase in dementia
-diabetes more strongly associated with VaD than AD
hypertension if not treated in midlife is associated with
poor congitive function and higher risk for dementia and AD in late life
=both high systolic blood pressure and low diastolic blood pressure have been assoc. with increased risk of dementia and AD
high blood pressure leads to dementia by creating
increased risk for developing ischaemia and stroke
-low blood pressure during late adult life leads to dementia by increasing the risk of cerebral hypoperfusion and hypoxia
behavioral/lifestyle factors
protective factors aganist AD are: mental activity, physical activity, smoking
psychosocial factors
-depression increases risk of dementia
genetics in AD
-majority of individuals with DS tend to develop AD if they survive 40 years
early stages of AD
-anterograde episodic memory impairment
-lang. deficits
-visuospatial deficits
-primary or secondary visual deficits
-executive dysfunction
middle stages of AD
-deficits in orientation
-deficits in foucused attn and easily distracted
-obvious deficits in visuopereception and visuospatial skills
-bladder incontinence
*needs supervison and assistance with basic ADLs
late stages AD
-deficits in all areas of orientation
-global deficits in carrying out basic ADLs
a diagnosis of possible AD requires
moderate neuritic plaques and hipppocampal NFTs
