Chapter 4

Question 1

awareness of internal and external stimuli such as feelings of hunger and pain or detection of light

Answer 1

Consciousness

Question 2

high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

Answer 2

Wakefulness

Question 3

an internal cycle of biological activity including:
- Fluctuation of body temperature.
- An individuals menstrual cycle.
- Levels of alertness

Answer 3

biological rhythm

Question 4

• biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.
• generated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 4

Circadian rhythm

Question 5

located in the hypothalamus, serves as the brain’s clock mechanism

Answer 5

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 6

the brain’s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

Answer 6

sleep regulation

Question 7

• stimulated by darkness, making us sleepy, and inhibited by daylight
• released by the pineal gland.

Answer 7

melatonin

Question 8

name circumstances that throw off our internal circadian cycles:

Answer 8

• jet lag
• rotating shift work

Question 9

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

Answer 9

sleep debt

Question 10

sleep-deprived individual will tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep

Answer 10

sleep rebound

Question 11

define sleep.

Answer 11

Sleep is a state marked by relatively low physical activity and a reduced sense of awarenes

Question 12

why do we sleep (2)

Answer 12

• adaptive function
• cognitive function

Question 13

3 brainwaves during sleep:

Answer 13

• alpha
• theta
• delta

Question 14

brainwave:
relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude, synchronized

Answer 14

alpha

Question 15

brainwave:
low frequency, low amplitude

Answer 15

theta

Question 16

brainwave:
low frequency, high amplitude,
desynchronize

Answer 16

delta

Question 17

rapid burst of high frequency brainwaves

Answer 17

sleep spindles

Question 18

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity

Answer 18

K-complexes

Question 19

describe REM sleep

Answer 19

• rapid eye movement
  -dreams
• paralysis of voluntary muscles
• brain waves similar to those seen during wakefullness

Question 20

a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep

Answer 20

hypnogram

Question 21

sigmund freuds theory of dreams

Answer 21

• Saw dreams as a way to gain access to the unconscious.
• Manifest content – the actual content of the dream.
• Latent content – the hidden meaning of the dream

Question 22

carl jung’s theory of dreams

Answer 22

• Believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious.
  Collective unconscious
  – theoretical repository of information shared by all
  people across cultures.
• Believed that certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes

Question 23

certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dreaming state - A person becomes aware that they are dreaming.

Answer 23

lucid dreaming

Question 24

• Defined by difficulty falling or staying asleep - for at least 3 nights a week for at least one month’s time.
• The most common sleep disorder.

Answer 24

insomnia

Question 25

involve unwanted motor behavior/experiences throughout the sleep cycle. They include - sleep walking -rem sleep behaviour disorder -restless leg syndrome -night terrors

Answer 25

parasomnia

Question 26

Occurs when individuals stop breathing during their sleep, usually for 10-20 seconds or longer

Answer 26

sleep apnea

Question 27

Occurs when an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies

Answer 27

sids (sudden infant death syndrome)

Question 28

Involves an irresistible urge to fall asleep during waking hours.

Answer 28

narcolepsy

Question 29

a compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative consequences (DSM-5 definition)

Answer 29

substance use disorder

Question 30

4 drug categories

Answer 30

- stimulant - depressant - hallucinogens -antipsychotics

Question 31

drugs that suppress the central nervous system activity, usually GABA agonists which have a quieting effect on the brain (ex, alcohol)

Answer 31

depressants

Question 32

drugs that increase overall levels of neural activity, usually dopamine agonists which work by preventing the reuptake of dopamine. (ex, cocaine)

Answer 32

stimulants

Question 33

drugs that cause changes in sensory and perceptual experiences, can involve vivid hallucinations (ex, LSD)

Answer 33

hallucinogens

Question 34

other states of consciousness

Answer 34

- hypnosis - meditation