CHAPTER 4

Question 1

This refers to the collection of data in the community which serve as a guide in determining the actual and potential health problems.

Answer 1

Community Assessment

Question 2

It is a quantitative and qualitative description of the health of citizens and the factors which influence their health. It identifies problems, proposes areas for improvement and stimulates action.

Answer 2

Community Diagnosis

Question 3

This is an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals.

Answer 3

Census

Question 4

These are the formal and informal community leaders or persons of position and influence, such as leaders in local government schools and businesses.

Answer 4

Key Informants

Question 4

It refers to a process by which community members gain an understanding of the health, concerns, and health care systems of the community by identifying, collecting, analyzing, disseminating information on community assets, strengths, resources, and needs

Answer 4

Community Assessment

Question 4

Primarily, it involves the collection of data which is mainly dependent on the objectives of the assessment

Answer 4

Community Assessment

Question 4

In general, who desires to collect data on the three categories of the community health determinants such as people, place and social system.

Answer 4

community health nurse

Question 4

In Collecting Primary Data, what are the tools that are commonly used for the conduct of community assessment.

Answer 4

• Observation
• Survey
• Informant Review
• Community Forus
• Focus Group

Question 4

This may be done through an ocular or windshield survey, either by driving or riding a vehicle or walking through it.

Answer 4

Observation

Question 4

This gives the community health nurse the opportunity to observe the people as well as to take note of the environmental conditions and existing facilities.

Answer 4

Observation

Question 4

This may be necessary when there is no available when there is no available information about the community or specific population group to be studied.

Answer 4

Survey

Question 5

According to Mauret & Smith (2009), it is made up of a series of questions for systematic collection of information from a sample of individuals or families in a community which may be written or oral.

Answer 5

Survey

Question 6

It is appropriate for determining attitudes, knowledge, behaviors and perception of health and health services. Likewise, it is also used by the nurse in identifying patterns of utilization of health services

Answer 6

Survey

Question 7

This denotes to a purposeful talks with either key informants or ordinary members of the community.

Answer 7

Informant Review

The interview may be structured where the nurse will direct the talk based on an interview guide, or it may be unstructured where the informant guides the talk.

Question 8

It provides the nurse valuable information on community perceptions about the health and health care.

Answer 8

Informant Review

The interview may be structured where the nurse will direct the talk based on an interview guide, or it may be unstructured where the informant guides the talk.

Question 9

This refers to an open meeting of members of the community

Answer 9

Community Forum

Question 9

It does not only give the nurse information on community perceptions on needs, health and health care, but it also an effective tool in providing the people with medium for expressing their views and developing their capacity to influence decision makers.

Answer 9

Community Forum

Question 9

It may be used as a venue for informing people about secondary data, for data validation and for getting feedback from the community people themselves about the gathered data previously.

Answer 9

Community Forum

Question 9

This method is effective in the assessment of health needs of a specific groups in the community

Answer 9

Focus Group

A good example is a focus group of teenage mothers.

Question 9

These are of the particular importance to the community health nurse, since they are sources of fertility and mortality data.

Answer 9

The birth and death registries

Question 9

What R.A was enacted in 1930, established the civil registry in the Philippines that requires the registration of vital events like births, marriages and deaths.

Answer 9

R. A. 3753

otherwise known as the Civil Registration Law

Question 10

what R.A assigned the function of civil registration to local governments and mandated the appointment of Local (municipal/city) Civil Registrars.

Answer 10

R.A. 7160

known as the Local Government

Question 10

What Executive Order No. specifies that the Field Health Service Information System (FHSIS) as the official recording and reporting system of the Department of Health and used by the NSCB to generate health statistics.

Answer 10

Executive Order No. 352

Office of the President, Republic of the Philippines

Question 10

It is a tool in monitoring health status of the population at the different levels. Thus, it serves as basis for priority setting by local governments, planning and decision making at barangay, municipality, district, provincial as well as national levels.

Answer 10

Field Health Service Information System (FHSIS)

Question 11

It is used for monitoring and evaluating health program implementation. Detection of unusual occurrence of diseases is being facilitated. And it also provides a standardized, facility-level database for more in-depth studies

Answer 11

Field Health Service Information System (FHSIS)

Question 11

It refers a listing of persons with specific type of disease in a defined population

Answer 11

Disease registry ## Footnote The data or information that are collected through disease registries serve as basis for monitoring, decision making and management of program (DOH,2011)

Question 12

It refers to the periodic governmental enumeration of the population.

Answer 12

census

Question 12

What provides for a national census of the population and other related data in the Philippines for every 10 years.

Answer 12

The Batas Pambansa Blg. 72

Question 12

It provides statistical information and services to the public.

Answer 12

The Philippine Statistical System (PSS)

Question 13

It is the policy-making and coordination body of the PSS, where the NSO, now the PSA (Philippine Statistics Authority), is the PSS arm that generates general purpose statistics such as population, employment, prices, and family income/expenditures

Answer 13

National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)

Question 13

It is the process of determining the health status of the community and the factors responsible for it.

Answer 13

Community diagnosis ## Footnote The term is applied both to the process of determination and to its findings.

Question 13

It is the quantitative and qualitative description of the health of citizens and the factors that influence their health.

Answer 13

Community diagnosis ## Footnote Community Diagnosis allows identification of problems and areas of improvement, thereby stimulating action.

Question 14

Depending on the context and the purpose of the presentation, community data may be presented what:

Answer 14

* as text * in tables * in pictorial for (maps and graphs).

Question 15

It can be used to show differences or similarities across geographic areas

Answer 15

Maps ## Footnote In divergence, numeric data are usually more clearly presented through tables and graphs or charts.

Question 15

Graphs for presenting community data:

Answer 15

* Bar Graph * Line Graph * Pie Chart * Scatter plot or diagram

Question 15

# Type of graph: This is used to compare values across different categories of data. ## Footnote For example, a population pyramid is made up to two horizontal bar graphs representing the age structure of the male and female population.

Answer 15

Bar Graph

Question 16

# Type of graph: This is utilize to have a visual image of trends in data over time or age. ## Footnote For example, the trend of the total fertility rate or average number of children per woman in the Philippines from 2000-2020.

Answer 16

Line Graph

Question 16

# Type of graph: This is commonly use in showing percentage distribution or composition of a variable, such as population or households.

Answer 16

Pie Chart

Question 17

# Type of graph: It is an effective tool in highlighting the value of a group in relation to the whole population. However, it can only illustrate only a small number of categories, usually not more than six. ## Footnote For example, it may be used to visually present the percentage distribution of households based on environmental variables, such as water source method of refuse, and excreta disposal.

Answer 17

Pie Chart

Question 17

# Type of graph: This is made to show the correlation between two variables. The values of both variables in subjects are plotted in a graph with an x-axis and a y-axis. ## Footnote For example, it may be done to show a positive correlation between body mass index and waist circumference among women aged 20 years and above.

Answer 17

Scatter plot or diagram

Question 17

Types of Community Diagnosis:

Answer 17

1. Traditional Research 2. Participatory Action Research (PAR)

Question 17

# Type of Community Diagnosis: A method of research that follows a systematic or scientific procedure in which a question is asked and a hypothesis is proposed in which it is either proved or disproved.

Answer 17

Traditional Research

Question 17

# Type of Community Diagnosis: This is related to the investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts or revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts.

Answer 17

Traditional Research

Question 17

# Type of Community Diagnosis: An approach to research that aims at promoting change among the participants. ## Footnote Members of the group being studied participate as partners in all phases of the research, including design, data collection, analysis and dissemination.

Answer 17

Participatory Action Research (PAR)

Question 17

# Decision making Emphasis: * Top-down * Expert/Nurse-driven process * Much premium is placed on the data and output | Traditional Research **OR** Approach COPAR

Answer 17

Traditional Research Approach

Question 17

# Decision making Emphasis: * Bottom-up * Community-driven process * Premium is placed on the process | Traditional Research **OR** Approach COPAR

Answer 17

COPAR

Question 18

# Roles: * Nurse as researcher: the community members are subjects or objects of research, usually respondents of the research instrument. * Data analysis is done by the nurse, and then presented to the community. | Traditional Research **OR** Approach COPAR

Answer 18

Traditional Research Approach

Question 18

# Roles: * Community members as researchers: the nurse is a facilitator and recorder * Data analysis is done collectively by the community. | Traditional Research **OR** Approach COPAR

Answer 18

COPAR

Question 19

# Methodology: Research tools and methodologies are predetermined/prepackaged by the nurse-organizer | Traditional Research **OR** Approach COPAR

Answer 19

Traditional Research Approach

Question 19

# Methodology: Research tools and methodologies are identified and developed by the community. | Traditional Research **OR** Approach COPAR

Answer 19

COPAR

Question 19

# Output: Upon completion, the study is packaged, submitted to the agency, and published. Recommendations are made by the researcher based on findings of the study. | Traditional Research **OR** Approach COPAR

Answer 19

Traditional Research Approach

Question 20

# Output: Conclusions and recommendations are made by the community. These will lead to agreed community actions/projects. The whole research cycle continues until it becomes part of community life, leading towards community development. Community members formulate the recommendations. | Traditional Research **OR** Approach COPAR

Answer 20

COPAR

Question 21

The different schemes in stating community diagnosis:

Answer 21

* NANDA. * Shuster and Goeppinger * The Omaha System

Question 21

# Scheme in stating community diagnosis: This focused more on individual but in the recent versions, it has included diagnoses in the community level.

Answer 21

NANDA

Question 22

# Scheme in stating community diagnosis: It proposed a practical adaptation of a format of nursing diagnoses for population groups.

Answer 22

Shuster and Goeppinger

Question 22

# Scheme in stating community diagnosis: A comprehensive and research-based classification system for client problems that exists in the public domain.

Answer 22

The Omaha System ## Footnote Components of the classification system: * Problem classification scheme (client assessment) * Intervention scheme * Problem rating scale for outcomes

Question 22

It consists of three components that offer a relational, reliable, and valid structure and set of terms that can link clinical data to demographic, financial, administrative, and staffing data.

Answer 22

The Omaha System ## Footnote The three components include; 1. Problem Classification Scheme 2. Intervention Scheme 3. Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes

Question 22

# Component of The Omaha System: Organize assessment (needs and strengths) for individuals, families, and communities

Answer 22

Problem Classification Scheme

Question 22

# Component of The Omaha System: Organize multidisciplinary practitioners’ care plans and the services they deliver

Answer 22

Intervention Scheme

Question 22

# Component of The Omaha System: Evaluate individual, family, or community change over time

Answer 22

Evaluate individual, family, or community change over time

Question 23

# Component of The Omaha System: This serves as a guide in collecting, classifying, analyzing, documenting and communicating health-related needs and strengths.

Answer 23

Problem Classification Scheme

Question 23

# Problem Classification Scheme: First and most general level of classification is composed of 4 domains:

Answer 23

* Environmental * Psychosocial * Physiological * Health-related behaviors

Question 23

# Problem Classification Scheme: Second level consists of problems or areas of concern under the 4 domains:

Answer 23

* **Environmental domain** (material resources and physical surroundings both inside and outside the living area, neighborhood, and broader community) * **Psychosocial domain** (patterns of behavior, emotion, communication, relationships, and development) * **Physiological domain** (functions and processes that maintain life) * **Health-related behaviors domain** (patterns of activity that maintain or promote wellness, promote recovery, and decrease the risk of disease)

Question 23

# Problem Classification Scheme: What level presents the problem or area of concern classified according to 2 sets of qualifiers

Answer 23

Third level

Question 24

# Problem Classification Scheme: What level is made up of clusters of signs and symptoms that describe the actual problems

Answer 24

Fourth level | and most specific

Question 25

It is designed to describe and communicate multidisciplinary practice, practice that is intended to prevent illness, improve or restore health, decrease deterioration, and/or provide comfort before death.

Answer 25

Intervention Scheme

Question 26

Activities designed to provide information and materials, encourage action and responsibility for self-care and coping, and assist the individual/family/community to make decisions and solve problems.

Answer 26

Teaching, Guidance, and Counseling

Question 26

Technical activities such as wound care, specimen collection, resistive exercises, and medication prescriptions that are designed to prevent, decrease, or alleviate signs and symptoms of the individual/family/community.

Answer 26

Treatments and Procedures

Question 27

This is a method to evaluate client progress throughout the period of service. It consists of three five-point, Likert-type scales to measure the entire range of severity for the concepts of Knowledge, Behavior, and Status

Answer 27

Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes

Question 27

Activities such as coordination, advocacy, and referral that facilitate service delivery, improve communication among health and human service providers, promote assertiveness, and guide the individual/family/community toward use of appropriate resources.

Answer 27

Case Management

Question 28

Activities such as detection, measurement, critical analysis, and monitoring intended to identify the individual/family/community's status in relation to a given condition or phenomenon

Answer 28

Surveillance

Question 28

It is a logical process of decision making to determine which of the identified health concerns requires more immediate consideration (priority setting) and what actions may be undertaken to achieve goals and objectives.

Answer 28

Planning

Question 29

This step provides the nurse and the health team with a logical means of establishing priority among the identified health concerns.

Answer 29

Priority Setting

Question 29

________ is defined as what the client knows, ________ as what the client does, and ________ as the number and severity of the client’s signs and symptoms or predicament

Answer 29

* Knowledge * Behavior * Status

Question 30

considerations in IDENTIFYING THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PROBLEMS

Answer 30

* Health Status Problems * Health Resources Problems * Health-Related Problems

Question 30

This is described in terms of increased or decreased morbidity, mortality, fertility or reduced capability for wellness

Answer 30

Health Status Problems

Question 31

This is described in terms of lack or absence of manpower, money, materials or institutions necessary to solve health problems

Answer 31

Health Resources Problems

Question 32

This is described in terms of existence of social, economic, environmental and political factors that aggravate the illness-inducing situations in the community

Answer 32

Health-Related Problems

Question 32

# PRIORITY SETTING: problems are classified as health status, health resources or health-related problems

Answer 32

Nature of the condition/problem presented

Question 32

# PRIORITY SETTING: refers to the severity of the problem which can be measured in terms of the proportion of the population affected by the problem

Answer 32

Modifiability of the problem

Question 33

# PRIORITY SETTING: refers to the perception of the population or the community as they are affected by the problem and their readiness to act on the problem

Answer 33

Social concern

Question 33

# PRIORITY SETTING: refers to the probability of controlling or reducing the effects posed by the problem

Answer 33

Modifiability of the problem

Question 33

It is a process of participation through which people, groups, and organizations work together to achieve desired results.

Answer 33

Collaboration

Question 33

These are the desired outcomes at the end of interventions, whereas objectives are the short-term changes in the community that are observed as the health team and the community work towards the attainment of goals.

Answer 33

Goals

Question 33

It is a collaborative relationship between willing entities formed to address shared objectives.

Answer 33

community partnership

Question 33

It accomplish shared vision, achieve positive outcomes for the audiences they serve, and build an interdependent system to address issues and opportunities.

Answer 33

Collaboration

Question 34

Its aim is to get people to work together in order to address problems or concerns that affect them.

Answer 34

partnership and collaboration

Question 35

It gives people the opportunity to learn skills in group relationship, interpersonal relations, critical analysis and most important of all, decision-making process in the context of democratic leadership.

Answer 35

partnership and collaboration

Question 35

It is one way the nurse can promote active community participation.

Answer 35

Advocacy work ## Footnote The nurse helps the people attain optimal degree of independence in decision-making in asserting their rights to a safe and better community.

Question 35

This is the phase of the planning cycle that determines whether the program is relevant, effective, efficient and adequate ## Footnote It is concerned with finding out the specific input, process and output/outcome indicators of the program stating the criteria and standards of each. This exercise is called evaluation.

Answer 35

Designing and Implementing Evaluation Plan

Question 36

refers to an organized process of overseeing and checking the activities undertaken in a project, to ascertain whether it is capable of achieving the planned results or not.

Answer 36

Monitoring

Question 36

the process by which we judge the worth or value of something. This is a scientific process that gauges the success of the project or program in meeting the objectives

Answer 36

Evaluation ## Footnote Evaluation involves two processes: 1. observation 2. measurement.

Question 37

Two approaches of evaluating a program:

Answer 37

1. Qualitative methods of evaluation 2. Quantitative methods

Question 37

# approaches of evaluating a program: determine the meaning and experience of the program for the people involved; and interprets the effects that may be observed.

Answer 37

Qualitative methods of evaluation

Question 38

# approaches of evaluating a program: measure and score changes occurring as a result of the program.

Answer 38

Quantitative methods

Question 39

Aspects of a program to be evaluated:

Answer 39

* Process evaluation * mpact evaluation * Outcome evaluation

Question 40

# Aspects of a program to be evaluated: measures the activities of the program, its quality and who is reaching out

Answer 40

Process evaluation

Question 41

# Aspects of a program to be evaluated: measures the immediate effects of the program and determines whether the objectives of the program were met

Answer 41

Impact evaluation

Question 42

# Aspects of a program to be evaluated: measures the long-term effects of the program and determines if it meets the goal of the program

Answer 42

Outcome evaluation

Question 43

5 Types of Evaluation

Answer 43

* Formative * Summative * Process * Outcomes * Impact

Question 44

# Type of Evaluation: Definition * Evaluates a program during development in order to make early improvements * Helps to refine or improve a program Uses * When starting a new program * To assist in the early phases of program development ## Footnote Examples  How well is the program being delivered?  What strategies can we use to improve this program?

Answer 44

Formative

Question 45

# Type of Evaluation: Definition * Provides information on program effectiveness * Is conducted after the completion of the program design Uses * To help decide whether to continue, end, or expand a program ## Footnote Examples  Should funding continue for this program?  Should service expand to other after-school programs in the community?

Answer 45

Summative

Question 46

# Type of Evaluation: Definition * Focuses on program implementation * Determines whether specific program strategies were implemented as planned Uses * To determine why an established program has changed over time * To address inefficiencies in program delivery * To accurately portray program operations to outside parties (e.g., for replication elsewhere) ## Footnote Examples  Did your program meet its goals for participant recruitment?  Did participants receive the specified number of service hours?

Answer 46

Process

Question 47

# Type of Evaluation: Definition * Focuses on the changes in comprehension, attitudes, behaviors, and practices that result from program activities * Can include both short- and long-term results Uses * To decide whether an activity affected participants’ outcomes * To establish and measure clear benefits of the program ## Footnote Examples  Did your participants report the expected changes after completing a program cycle?  What are the short- or long-term results observed among (or reported by) participants?

Answer 47

Outcomes

Question 48

# Type of Evaluation: Definition * Focuses on long-term, sustained changes as a result of program activities, both positive and negative and intended and unintended Uses * To influence policy * To see impact in longitudinal studies with comparison groups ## Footnote Examples  What changes in your program participants’ behaviors are attributable to your program?  What effects would program participants miss out on without this program?

Answer 48

Impact