Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Rad Bio > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Date x-rays were discovered

A

November 8, 1895

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who discovered x-rays

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of tube was used during the discovery of x-rays

A

Crookes tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What was the paper coated with during the discovery of x-rays

A

Barium platinocyanide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was the first x-ray picture of

A

Roentgen’s wife’s left hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who was the first fatality from x-rays and when

A

Clarence Dally in 1904

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who invented the fluoroscope

A

Thomas Edison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Types of somatic damage

A

Radiodermatitis
Cancer
Blood disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What committee was formed to create methods of reducing radiation exposure

A

British X-ray and Radium Protection Committee in 1921

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What unit was used to measure radiation dose from 1900 to 1930

A

Skin Erythema Dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Skin Erythema Dose corresponds to what radiation unit today

A

Gray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Purpose of the First International Congress of Radiology

A

Radiologists from all over the world collaborated on radiation quantities and units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where and when was the First International Congress of Radiology held

A

London, England in 1925

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where and when was the Second International Congress of Radiology held

A

Stockholm, Sweden in 1928

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Early Deterministic Somatic Effects

A

Nausea
Fatigue
Redness of the skin
Intestinal disorders
Fever
Blood disorders
Shedding of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Late Deterministic Somatic Effects

A

Cataract formation
Fibrosis
Organ atrophy
Loss of parenchymal cells
Reduced fertility
Sterility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Late Stochastic Effects

A

Cancer
Genetic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What committee was formed to formulate recommendations for radiation control

A

US Advisory Committee on X-ray and Radium Protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What was recommended as a tolerance daily dose limit in 1934

A

.2R/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What was recommended as a tolerance daily dose limit in 1936

A

.1R/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What became the internationally accepted unit of measurement for exposure in 1937

A

R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

US Advisory Committee of X-ray and Radium Protection became known as the:

A

National Council on Radiaiton Protection and Measurements (NCRP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What replaced tolerance dose in the early 1950s

A

Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is exposure measured

A

C/kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How is Air Kerma measured
Gray
26
How is Abosrbed Dose measured
Gray
27
How is Equivalent Dose measured
Sievert
28
How is Effective Dose mesaured
Sievert
29
Total electrical charge of one sign (all pluses or all minuses) per unit mass that x-ray and gamma ray photons with energies up to 3 MeV generated in dry air at standard temperature and pressure
Exposure
30
Radiation quantity that expresses the concentration of radiation delivered to a specific area, such as the surface of the human body
Exposure
31
What is used to measure radiation exposure
Free-air ionization chamber
32
The basic unit of electrical charge
Coulomb
33
The SI unit of electrical charge
Ampere
34
What does the Coulomb represent
Amount of electrical charge flowing past a point in a circuit in 1 second when an electric current of 1 amp is used
35
What unit of measurement is used for x-ray eqiupment calibration
C/kg
36
SI quantity that can be used to express radiation concentration transferred to a point
Air Kerma
37
Air Kerma is gradually replacing what term
Exposure
38
What does Air Kerma measure
Radiation intensity in air
39
Air Kerma is an acronym for Kinetic Energy Release in:
Material Matter Per unit Mass
40
How is Air Kerma expessed in metric units
J/kg
41
How is Gy used differently to indicate kinetic radiation energy absorbed in air verus tissue
Gya Gyt
42
The sum total of Air Kerma over the exposed area of the patient's surface
DAP
43
What unit is DAP measured
mGy-cm²
44
Amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by an irradiated object
Absorbed Dose
45
Responsible for any biologic damage resulting from exposure of the tissues
Absorbed Dose
46
The amount of energy absorbed by a structure depends on:
1. Atomic number 2. Mass density 3. Energy of photon
47
SI unit of Absorbed Dose is
Gray
48
Centi is what fraction
1/100
49
Milli is what fraction
1/1000
50
Micro is what fraction
1/1,000,000
51
How many rad = 1 cGy
1 rad = 1 cGy
52
Total amount of radiant energy transferred by ionizing radiation to the body
Surface Integral Dose
53
Surface Integral Dose was also known as
Exposure Area Product
54
Equivalent SI unit for Surface Integral Dose is
Gy-m²
55
Quantity factor for X-ray
1
56
Quantity factor for Beta particles
1
57
Quantity factor for Gamma particles
1
58
Quantity factor for Fast neutrons
20
59
Quantity factor for alpha particles
20
60
Amount of energy transferred on average by incident radiation to an object per unit length of track through the object
Linear Energy Transfer
61
LET is expressed in units of
keV/μm
62
Radiation with a ____ LET transfers a large amount of energy into a small area
High
63
What is used to determine Equivalent Dose
Radiation Weighting Factor
64
Used for radiation protection purposes to account for differences in biologic impact amount various types of ionizing radiation
Radiation Weighting Factor
65
The product of the average absorbed dose in a tissue or organ in the human body and its associated WR chosen for the type and energy of the radiation in question
Equivalent Dose
66
Takes into account the relative detriment to each specific organ and tissue
Tissue Weighting Factor
67
A value that denotes the percentages of the summed stochastic risk stemming from irradiation of tissue to the all-inclusive risk
Tissue weighting factor
68
What is the summed stochastic risk
Cancer plus genetic risk
69
Provides a measure of the overall risk of exposure to ionizing radiation
Effective dose
70
Incorporates both the effect of the type of radiation used and the variability in radiosensitivity of the organ or body part irradiated
Effective dose
71
Used in radiation protection to describe internal and external dose measurements
Collective EfD
72
Used to describe radiation exposure of a population or group from low doses of different sources of ionizing radiation
Collective EfD
73
Radiation unit for Collective EfD
Person-sievert
74
Product of the average EfD for an individual belonging to the exposed population or group and the number of persons exposed
Collective EfD
75
Radiation dosimetry quantity that was defined by the NRC to monitor and control human exposure to ionizing radiation
Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE)
76
The sum of the effective dose equivalent from external radiation exposure and a quantity called committed effective dose equivalent from internal radiation exposures
Total Effective Dose Equivalent
77
Used to monitor dose for personnel such as nuclear medicine technologists and interventional radiologists
Total Effective Dose Equivalent
78
Exposure measures what type of radiation
X-rays Gamma rays
79
Air Kerma, D, EqD, and EfD all measure what type of radiation
All ionizing radiation
80
1 SI exposure unit equals
1/(2.58x10^-4) R
81
Received quantity of radiation that causes diffuse redness over an area of skin after irradiation
Skin Erythema Dose
82
Radiation dose to which occupationally exposed persons could be subjected without any apparent harmful acute effects
Tolerance dose
83
A dose of radiation lower than which an individual has a negligible change of sustaining specific biological damage
Threshold dose
84
What report describes the radiation weighting factor as a dimensionless factor that was chosen for radiation protection purposes to account for differences in biologic impact among various types of ionizing radiation
Report No. 116

Rad Bio (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions