Chapter 4

Question 1

He suggests that the self is divided into two categories: the I-Self and the Me-Self.

Answer 1

William James

Question 2

it refers to the self that knows who he or she is which is also called the thinking self.

Answer 2

The I-Self

Question 3

it is the empirical self which refers to the person’s personal experiences and is further divided into sub categories: the material self, social self, and spiritual self.

Answer 3

The Me-Self

Question 4

it is attributed to an individual physical attributes and material possessions that contribute to one’s self-image.

Answer 4

The material self

Question 5

it refers to who a person is and how he or she acts in social situations

Answer 5

The social self

Question 6

refers to the most intimate and important part of the self that includes the person’s purpose, core values, conscience, and moral behavior. James believes that the path to understanding the spiritual self requires introspection.

Answer 6

The spiritual self

Question 7

Another aspect of self-understanding that is important in adolescent years focuses on ______. This refers to the image of oneself.

Answer 7

self-concept

Question 8

he defines the self as flexible and changing perception of personal identity. The self is the center of experience

Answer 8

Psychologist Carl Rogers

Question 9

Who made the CONCEPT OF SELF:THE ME-SELF AND THE I-SELF

Answer 9

WILLIAM JAMES

Question 10

Who made SELF THEORY: REAL AND IDEAL SELF

Answer 10

Carl Rogers

Question 11

consists of all the ideas, including the awareness of what one is and what one can do.

Answer 11

Real self

Question 12

Defines ______as flexible and changing perception of personal identity.

Answer 12

self

Question 13

conception of what one should be or what one aspires to be which includes one’s goals and ambition in life

Answer 13

Ideal self

Question 14

the closer the ideal self to the real self, the more fulfilled and happy the individuals becomes. When the ideal self is far from from the real self, the person becomes unhappy and dissatisfied

Answer 14

BONUS

Question 15

The function of the ____ is to hide and protect the true self

Answer 15

False self

Question 16

Winnicotthas found that the self is composed of the___ and _______

Answer 16

true self and the false self.

Question 17

it embodies the endowments, belief system, and self- regulatory capabilities, and distributed structures and functions through which personal influence is exercised, rather than reside as a discrete entity.

Answer 17

Agency

Question 18

it enables people to play a part in their self-development, adaptation, and self-renewal. The main features of human agency are intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness.

Answer 18

The core features of agency

Question 19

it refers to acts done intentionally. Intentions on plans and action with the anticipation of possible outcomes

Answer 19

Intentionality

Question 20

enables person to anticipate the likely consequences of prospective actions. Through the exercise of forethought, people are guided in their actions in the anticipation of future events

Answer 20

Forethought

Question 21

involves in making choices and choosing appropriate courses of action as well as motivating and regulating them.

Answer 21

Self-reactiveness

Question 22

it gives the person the ability to reflect upon and the adequacy of his or her thoughts and actions.

Answer 22

Self-reflectiveness

Question 23

it refers to the individual’s beliefs that he or she capable to perform a task which influences whether he or she will think pessimistically or optimistically and in ways that are self-enhancing or self-hindering.

Answer 23

Self-efficacy

Question 24

these are the foundation of human agency.

Answer 24

Efficacy

Question 25

according to him, the theory of the self is the concept of archetypes.

Answer 25

Carl Jung

Question 26

these are universal models after which roles are patterned. It represents the hidden potentialities of the psyche, or total personality

Answer 26

archetypes

Question 27

According to Jung, archetypes reside in the personal unconscious (forgotten experiences) that is common to all human beings, known as___

Answer 27

collective unconscious.

Question 28

it refers to the social role that individuals present to others.

Answer 28

persona

Question 29

it refers to the repressed thoughts that are socially unacceptable

Answer 29

shadow

Question 30

The anima is the feminine side of the male psyche while the animus is the masculine side of the female psyche

Question 31

is the central archetype that unites all parts of the psyche

Answer 31

self

Question 32

is the individual’s conscious perception of the self.

Answer 32

ego

Question 33

According to him, the dynamic forces within the self are many and inevitable conflict.

Answer 33

Sigmund Freud,

Question 34

He argues that the mind is composed of three structures through which personality is formed: the__,___,____

Answer 34

the id, ego, superego.

Question 35

refers to the component of the personality characterized by its need to satisfy basic urges and desires. Freud believes that the __is the pleasure-seeking side, impulsive, child-like, and demands instant gratification.

Answer 35

id

Question 36

refers to the I and operates on the reality principle and controls the id. the ego can conform with existing societal consideration.

Answer 36

ego

Question 37

refers to the ‘’conscience’’ and ‘’moral judge’’ of one’s conduct. Violation of rules leads to feelings of guilt. It strives for perfection rather than pleasure.

Answer 37

superego

Question 38

It appears that the id is the devil within the self, the superego is the angel, and ego is the person in middle

Question 39

Freud uses the term __ to refers ego ability to resolve the conflict between the three structures. If this constant state of conflict is unresolved, personality problem may arise.

Answer 39

ego strength

Question 40

In Freud’s view, the id, ego and superego develop a series of stages. Freud call these the _______that progress through five stages.

Answer 40

psychosexual stages of development

Question 41

The first stage ____stage, which last from birth to the first year of life. During this stage, babies derived pleasure from oral activities like sucking and biting. Overindulgence of oral needs may lead to oral incorporative personality disorder such as overeating, smoking, and alcoholism while dissatisfaction may lead to oral aggressive personality disorder such as sarcasm and tactlessness

Answer 41

oral stage

Question 42

in this stage it occurs around the second year of life. During this stage, the child derives pleasure from the elimination of body wastes. Through toilet training, the child learns the basic rules of society. Anal fixations can lead to anal retentive personality disorder such as having obsession with cleanliness or anal expulsion personality disorder such as clumsiness.

Answer 42

anal stage

Question 43

in this stage it usually occurs around ages 3 and 6. Children during this stage derive pleasure from examining, touching, fondling, or displaying their genitals. These behaviors are most likely motivated by curiosity about the differences between the anatomy of man and woman. Sex curiosity will remain during the elementary years and children will tend to ask question regarding anatomical structures, sex, and how babies are made. During this stage, parents and teachers need to properly educate children about sexuality. Fixations at this stage may lead to abnormal sex behaviors in later life.

Answer 43

phallic stage

Question 44

in this stage which last from 7 to 12 years of age. At this stage, sexual energy is repressed because children become occupied with school.

Answer 44

latency stage

Question 45

in this stage which starts from adolescence to adulthood. During this stage, pleasure is again derived from the genital area and individuals seeks to satisfy their sexual drives from sexual relationship, sexual problems may result a consequence of inappropriate sex behaviors.

Answer 45

genital stage

Question 46

this is the first psychological stage of development, occurring in the first year of life. According to Erikson, the child will develop trust if he or she is properly cared for. If the child is not well-cared for, mistrust likely to develop

Answer 46

Trust versus mistrust

Question 47

this is the second stage of development, occurring during the first three years of life. Autonomy means independence of thought and confidence to think and act for oneself. Children begin to assert their independence during this stage. Erikson states that if parents allow their children to explore, they will become more confident and secure in their own abilities. If children are overly protected, they may become overly dependent on their parents and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their own abilities. Erikson believes that this stage has important implication in the development of independence and identity during adolescence.

Answer 47

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 48

in Erikson’s third stage of development, occurring around 3 to 5 years of age. During this period, developing a sense of responsibility among children lead to the development of initiative. A child who is made to feel irresponsible might develop feelings of guilt.

Answer 48

Initiative versus guilt

Question 49

it is the fourth stage of development, occurring around elementary school years. During this stage, children face the task of developing knowledge and skills usually taught in schools. When children are encouraged in their efforts, they will develop a sense of industry. However, children who receive little or no encouragement from parents and teachers will doubt their own abilities and likely to develop inferiority.

Answer 49

Industry versus inferiority

Question 50

The fifth psychosocial stage, _____takes place during adolescence. At this stage, adolescents face the task of finding out who they are, what they are and what they want in life. They are confronted with many roles and responsibilities. If parents provide proper support, adolescents will develop positive identity. If they are not adequately supported, they will feel insecure and identity confusion will likely develop.

Answer 50

identity formation versus identity confusion

Question 51

it occurs during early adulthood when people explore personal relationships. During these six stages of development, Erikson believes it is vital that people develop intimate relationship with others. Those who are successful in this stage will likely form relationships that are stable and successful. Inability to develop intimate relationship during this stage will to mistrust and isolation

Answer 51

Intimacy versus isolation

Question 52

it is the seventh stage of development which occurs during middle adulthood. Generativity involves a person’s desire to contribute to the world by teaching, leading, and guiding the next generation and doing activities that will benefit the community. Developing a sense of generativity is important during this stage

Answer 52

Generativity versus stagnation

Question 53

it is the final psychosocial stage which occurs during old age and is focused on reflection in one’s life. At this stage, individuals reflect on important events of their lives. If they are satisfied and proud of their accomplishments, they will feel a sense of integrity. Those who are unsuccessful in this stage will feel their life has been wasted and will experience regrets and despair.

Answer 53

Integrity versus despair