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Human Immunology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

In adaptive immune response, the body is cleared of extracellular pathogens and their toxins by means of __________.

A

Antibodies

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2
Q

What is a plasma cell?

A

A terminally differentiated B lymphocyte that is dedicated to the synthesis and secretion of antibodies

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3
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

The mechanism by which adaptive immune responses derive only from individual antigen-specific lymphocytes, which are stimulated by the antigen to proliferate and differentiate into antigen-specific effector cells.

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4
Q

What is the function of an antibody?

A

To recognize and bind its corresponding antigen and then to deliver the bound antigen to other components of the immune system.

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5
Q

The ______ part contains the _______ site and determines the specificity of the antibody.

A

variable, antigen-binding

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6
Q

How many Immunoglobulin isotypes are there, and what are they?

A

Five
IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgE

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7
Q

Which is the most common antibody in the blood and lymph?

A

IgG

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8
Q

What connects the two heavy chains, and the heavy chain to the light chain?

A

Disulfide bonds

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9
Q

In IgG, each antigen-binding site is formed from _____ heavy chain variable region and _____ light chain variable region.

A

One, one

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10
Q

What is an antigen? (Ag)

A

a foreign molecule that induces an immune response in a host

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11
Q

Explain how the flexible hinge of Ig allows multiple bindings.

A

The Ig can can be cleaved by protease at the heavy chain hinge, and break the disulfide bonds so that it can be made into multiple pieces (two Fab fragments and one Fc fragment).

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12
Q

What is the approximate shape of IgG?

A

Y shape

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13
Q

Which Ig is the only one that crosses the placenta?

A

IgG

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14
Q

IgG has ______ immunity

A

Long-term (memory Ab)

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15
Q

Which Ig fixes complement?

A

IgG, IgM

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16
Q

What kind of molecule is IgG?

A

Monomer

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17
Q

What type of molecule is IgM?

A

monomer or pentamer

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18
Q

Which Ig has the longest half life?

A

IgG

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19
Q

Which Ig makes up 10% of the Ig pool?

A

IgM

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20
Q

What kind of molecule is IgA?

A

Monomer or dimer

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21
Q

What Ig makes up 15-20% of the Ig pool?

A

IgA

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22
Q

Which Ig is found in secretions such as saliva, breast milk, and urogential secretions?

A

IgA

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23
Q

What kind of molecule is IgD?

A

monomer

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24
Q

What Ig makes up less than 1% of the Ig pool?

A

IgD

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25
Which Ig is involved in B cell differentiation?
IgD
26
What kind of molecule is IgE?
Monomer
27
Which Ig makes up less that 0.002% of the Ig pool?
IgE
28
What is the half life of IgE?
2 days
29
What is something different about the configuration of IgE?
It has no hinge region
30
Which Ig is an antibody of allergy?
IgE
31
What are the intermolecular attractive forces that AbAg bindings depend on?
H bonds Electrostatic and ionic bonds (van der Waals forces)
32
Which part of an antibody recognizes and combines with the Ag epitope?
Ab Paratope
33
What is the antigenic determinant that binds to an Ab paratope?
Antigen Epitope
34
What is a Hapten?
A small molecule acting as an epitope, it does not work on its own to elicit an Ab response, but it reacts on its own to a performed Ab
35
What is antibody affinity?
The strength of the epitope-paratope bond, the sum of attractive/repulsive forces
36
What does high K mean?
High affinity
37
What is high affinity better for?
Complement fixation formation of immune complexes toxin/virus neutralization opsonization
38
What is antibody avidity?
The overall strength between Ab and the entire Ag > IgM binding to multivalent antigens
39
Where are IgG receptors, and what do they do?
On monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells Opsonization and cell destruction
39
What is cross-reactivity?
When the same epitope is shared by 2 different Antigens
40
Where are IgM and IgA receptors and what do they do?
On phagocytes Opsonization
41
Where are IgE receptors and what do they do?
On mast cells/ basophils IgE binding plus Ag= degranulation
42
How many different antibodies are in the human body?
10^6 - 10^8
43
During B cell development, what many unique Ab's are produced during DNA rearrangement?
One
44
What is a mutation?
The process which produces a stable alternation in the DNA sequence or the chromosome structure.
45
What is recombination?
The process that leads to the formation of new gene combinations on chromosomes
46
What is an Exon?
The DNA segment(s) of a gene that are transcribed and translated into a protein
47
What is an intron?
A portion of DNA between exons in a gene. Introns do not appear in the mRNA product
48
What is an antigen-binding site?
The site on an immunoglobulin or a T-cell receptor molecule that bind specific antigen
49
What are heavy chains (H chain)?
the larger of the two types of polypeptide in an immunoglobulin molecule. It consists of one variable domain and a number of constant domains. Immunoglobulin heavy chains come in a variety of heavy-chain isotypes, or classes, each of which confers a distinctive effector function on the antibody molecule.
50
What are light chains (L chain)?
The smaller of the two types of polypeptide chain in an immunoglobulin molecule. It consists of one variable and one constant domain, and is disulfide-bonded to a heavy chain in the immunoglobulin molecule. There are two classes of light chain, known as kappa and lambda
51
What is the variable region (V region)?
the part of an immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor or of its constituent polypeptide chains that varies in amino acid sequence between isoforms with different antigenic specificities. It determines antigen specificity.
52
What are constant regions?
that part of an immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor that is of identical amino acid sequence in molecules of the same isotype but with different antigen-binding specificities
53
What are complementarity-determining regions? (CDR)
short regions of high diversity in amino acid sequence within the variable region of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor chains. There are three CDRs (1-3) in each variable region, which collectively contribute to the antigen-binding site and determine the antigenic specificity. The CDRs are the most variable parts of the variable domains and are also called hypervariable regions.
54
What is somatic recombination?
DNA recombination that occurs between gene segments in the immunoglobulin loci and T-cell receptor loci in developing B cells and T cells, respectively. It generates a complete exon composed of a V gene segment and a J gene segment (and also a D gene segment at the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor heavy-chain loci) that encodes the variable region of an immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor polypeptide chain.
55
What is junctional diversity?
variation present in immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor polypeptides that is created during the process of gene rearrangement by the addition or removal of nucleotides at the junctions between gene segments.
56
What are native B cells?
mature B cell that has left the bone marrow but has not encountered a specific antigen
57
What is B-cell receptor?
the antigen receptor on B cells, which is a membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecule. Each B cell is programmed to make a single type of immunoglobulin. The cell-surface form of his immunoglobulin serves as the B-cell receptor for specific antigen. Associated in the membrane with the immunoglobulin are the signal transduction molecules Ig alpha and Ig beta. also called the b-cell receptor complex.
58
What is somatic hypermutation?
mutation that occurs at high frequency in the rearranged variable-region DNA segments of immunoglobulin genes in activated B cells, resulting in the production of variant antibodies, some of which have a higher affinity for the antigen.
59
What is AID? (activation-induced cytidine deaminase)
enzyme that deaminates DNA at cytosine residues, converting them to uracil. The activity of this enzyme and the consequent repair of the damaged DNA are the basis of somatic hypermutation and isotype switching in activated B cells.
60
What is affinity maturation?
The increase in affinity of the antigen-binding sites of antibodies for antigen that occurs during the course of an adaptive immune response. It is the result of somatic hypermutation of the rearranged immunoglobulin V-gene region and the consequent selection of mutated B cells hat make antigen receptors of higher affinity for their antigen
61
What is isotype switching?
the process by which a b cell changes the class of immunoglobulin it makes while preserving the antigenic specificity of the immunoglobulin. Isotype switching involves a somatic recombination process that attaches a different heavy-chain constant-region gene to the existing variable-region exon. Also called class switching
62
Which processes are involved in B cell development?
Recombination (gene shuffling) and RNA splicing
63
Ig class switching takes place in _______. It can be regulated by ____________.
B cells, RNA processing

Human Immunology (6 decks)

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