chapter 4

Question 1

how do we define developmental psychology?

Answer 1

study of how behavior changes over the lifespan

Question 2

what are teratogens

Answer 2

any environment factor that has a negative affect on fetal development

Question 3

what is sucking reflex

Answer 3

automatic response to suck on objects placed in mouth

Question 4

what is rooting reflex

Answer 4

when cheek or mouth area is gently touched, the baby will turn head to stimulus and open their mouth

Question 5

example of teratogen

Answer 5

alcohol fetal syndrome

Question 6

define cognitive development

Answer 6

acquire the ability to learn, think, communicate, and remember

Question 7

define equilibration

Answer 7

balance between experience of world and understanding of it

Question 8

define assimilation

Answer 8

absorbing new experience into our current understanding

Question 9

define accommodation

Answer 9

altering beliefs to make them compatible with experience

Question 10

describe piagets sensorimotor stage of development (1st stage)

Answer 10

birth- 2 years, focus on here and now, immediate physical experiences, lacks object permanence

Question 11

describe piagets preoperational stage of development (2nd stage)

Answer 11

2-7years, construct mental representations of experience, egocentrism

Question 12

describe piagets concrete operational stage of development (3rd stage)

Answer 12

7-11 years, ability to perform mental operations but only for actual physical event, still struggle with hypothetical situations

Question 13

describe piagets formal operations stage of development (4th stage)

Answer 13

adolescence, can develop and test hypothesis, understand logical concepts

Question 14

describe vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development

Answer 14

social and cultural influences in learning

Question 15

define scaffolding

Answer 15

caretakers structure environment to guide the children in learning

Question 16

define zone of proximal development

Answer 16

phase when children are receptive to learn a new skill but are not successful at it yet

Question 17

what is temperament? describe the three temperament styles

Answer 17

social and emotional styles
1. easy:adaptable, relaxed
2. difficult: fussy, easily frustrated
3. slow to warm up

Question 18

what is an attachment

Answer 18

emotional connection with whom we feel the closest

Question 19

what is imprinting

Answer 19

strong attachments develops a concept of its own species

Question 20

what is contact comfort

Answer 20

positive emotions afforded by touch

Question 21

mary ainsworth found 4 different styles of children which are

Answer 21

secure attachment
insecure avoidment
insecure anxious
disorganized

Question 22

secure attachment

Answer 22

children dont need care giver to do things but need them to be around

Question 23

insecure avoidant

Answer 23

children are confident being alone, dont need caregiver

Question 24

insecure anxious

Answer 24

children are very attached to caregiver and need to be with them 24/7

Question 25

disorganized

Answer 25

children dont fall perfectly into one or another attachment

Question 26

list 4 parenting styles

Answer 26

permissive authoritarian authoritative uninvolved

Question 27

permissive

Answer 27

leinent, considerable amount of freedom, little discipline, shower with affection

Question 28

authoritarian

Answer 28

strict, little freedom, punishment, little affection

Question 29

authoritative

Answer 29

balance of both worlds

Question 30

uninvolved

Answer 30

pay little attention to children

Question 31

what is sex

Answer 31

biological status

Question 32

what is gender

Answer 32

psychological characteristics

Question 33

what is gender role

Answer 33

behavior typically associated with male or female

Question 34

what is gender identity

Answer 34

one's sense of being male or female

Question 35

what is transgender

Answer 35

adopting the dress, mannerisms, gender roles of opposite sex

Question 36

what is prejudice

Answer 36

prejudge something negatively

Question 37

what is stereotype

Answer 37

positive or negative belief about a groups characteristics applied to most people of the group

Question 38

what is discrimination

Answer 38

treatment based on prejudice

Question 39

what is moral development

Answer 39

process which individuals develop the ability from right to wrong, make ethical decisions and act in accordance with moral principles

Question 40

the levels of kolhbers theory

Answer 40

pre conventional morality conventional morality post conventional morality