Chapter 4 Flashcards
(20 cards)
self-fulfilling prophecy
the idea that individuals’ behavior is influenced by others’ expectations for them
family systems theory
a perspective on family functioning that emphasizes interconnections among different family relationships (such as marital, parent-child, sibling)
midlife crisis
a psychological crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages of 35 and 45, the age range of most adolescents’ parents
familism
an orientation toward life in which the needs of one’s family take precedence over the needs of the individual
generational dissonance
divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and American-born adolescents
parental responsiveness
One of the two important dimensions of parenting; responsiveness refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child’s needs in an accepting, supportive manner
parental demandingness
One of two important dimensions of parenting; demandingness refers to the degree to which the parent expects and insists on mature, responsible behavior from the child
authoritative parents
Parents who use warmth, firm control, and rational, issue-oriented discipline, in which emphasis is placed on the development of self-direction
authoritarian parents
Parents who use punitive, absolute, and forceful discipline, and who place a premium on obedience and conformity
indulgent parents
Parents who are characterized by responsiveness but low demandingness and who are mainly concerned with the child’s happiness
indifferent parents
Parents who are characterized by low levels of both responsiveness and demandingness
behavioral genetics
The scientific study of genetic influences on behavior
molecular genetics
The scientific study of the structure and function of genes
alleles
Different versions of the same gene
shared environmental influences
Nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other
nonshared environmental influences
The nongenetic influences in individuals’ lives that make them different from people they live with
diathesis-stress model
A perspective on psychological disorder that posits that problems are the result of an interaction between a preexisting condition (the diathesis) and exposure to stress in the environment
differential susceptibility theory
The idea that the same genetic tendencies that make an individual especially susceptible to develop problems when exposed to adverse environmental influences also make him or her especially likely to thrive when exposed to positive environmental influences
sibling rivalry
Competition between siblings, often for parental attention
foster care
A placement in a temporary living arrangement when a child’s parents are not able to provide care, nurturance, or safety
