Chapter 4

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience

Question 2

Behaviourist Approach

Answer 2

learning occurs through interacting with the external environment. Involves a stimulus and a response

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

simple form of learning that occurs through the repeated stimulation between a neural stimulus (NS) and an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to produce a conditioned response (CR). Response is involuntary, learning is passive, and stimulus is presented before the response

Question 4

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 4

any stimulus which consistently produces a naturally occurring, automatic (reflex) response

Question 5

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 5

a stimulus that does not naturally cause a reflex response

Question 6

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

stimulus that is neutral at the start of the conditioning process and does not normally produce the UCR, but through repeated association with the UCS , it triggers the CR

Question 7

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Answer 7

a reflexive response which occurs automatically when the UCS is presented

Question 8

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 8

learned reflex response that is produced by the CS alone. Occurs after the CS/NS has been associated with the UCS

Question 9

Operant Conditioning

Answer 9

a learning process where he likelihood or a particular behaviour occurring is determined by its consequences. Response is voluntary, learner is active, stimulus is presented after the response

Question 10

Antecedent

Answer 10

the stimulus that triggers the voluntary response e.g. rat being hungry, motivated to find food

Question 11

Behaviour

Answer 11

the voluntary response e.g rat pushing the lever

Question 12

Consequence

Answer 12

the environmental even that follows the voluntary response (impacts likelihood of behaviour occurring again, when antecedent is present)

Question 13

Reinforcement

Answer 13

any stimulus that increases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again

Question 14

Positive reinforcement

Answer 14

adding a pleasant stimulus, which increases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again in the future. ADDING GOOD

Question 15

Negative reinforcement

Answer 15

removing an unpleasant stimulus, which increases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again in the future. REMOVING BAD

Question 16

Punishment

Answer 16

any stimulus that decreases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again

Question 17

Positive Punishment

Answer 17

the addition of an undesirable stimulus which decreases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again in the future. ADDING BAD

Question 18

Negative punishment

Answer 18

the removal of a desirable consequence which decreases the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again in the future. REMOVING GOOD

Question 19

Social-Cognitive approaches to learning

Answer 19

emphasise the social environment in which learning occurs and cognitive processes

Question 20

Observational Learning

Answer 20

actively watching another persons actions and the consequences of their actions to guide future behaviours

Question 21

Leaner

Answer 21

the person observing the model

Question 22

Model

Answer 22

the person whose behaviour is being observed

Question 23

Attention

Answer 23

the learner must actively watch the model’s behaviour and the consequences

Question 24

Retention

Answer 24

the learner stores a mental representation of the behaviour in their long term memory

Question 25

Reproduction

Answer 25

the learner has the mental and physical ability to perform the behaviour

Question 26

Motivation

Answer 26

the learner must have the want/desire to imitate the behaviour; this depends on whether there is a desirable consequence

Question 27

Reinforcement

Answer 27

the behaviour is followed by a pleasant consequence, therefore the learner will be more likely to repeat the behaviour again when motivated to do so

Question 28

Country

Answer 28

living systems of all entities that exist in the universe, including geographical, spiritual and emotional connections to it. Learning happens through being in a relationship with country

Question 29

Collectivist culture

Answer 29

work towards common goals and have a strong sense of community

Question 30

Oral Community

Answer 30

distinct ways of communicating knowledge down generations without the written word

Question 31

Kinship relationships

Answer 31

determines how people relate one another and their surroundings, with the aim of creating a cohesive and harmonious community. describes a persons responsibilities towards other people, the land, and natural resources

Question 32

Learning as a multimodal system of knowledge

Answer 32

use a variety of methods to learn and convey knowledge

Question 33

Story Sharing

Answer 33

learning through narrative. Takes place by continually sharing stories and connecting through shared personal stories of the past, present and future. "yarning"

Question 34

Non-verbal

Answer 34

said to take place by using non-verbal kinaesthetic approaches: see, act, mime, dance, facial expressions, gestures, to help them think and learn

Question 35

Symbols and images

Answer 35

understanding concepts through art and metaphor. Shared through symbols and images in the form of art and drawings that are central to the learning

Question 36

Learning as a system of knowledge

Answer 36

knowledge and skills are based on interconnected social, physical and spiritual understandings. developed by communities working together, consist of important day-to-day info, informed by spiritual and ancestral knowledge