Chapter 4 Flashcards
(58 cards)
1
Q
microbial diversity
A
- PCR indicates up to 10,000 bacteria per gram of soil
- PCR amplifies DNA
- many bacteria have not been identified
2
Q
normal microbiota
A
collection of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic microbes usually colonizing our bodies
- “good guys”
3
Q
pathogen
A
bacteria that cause sickness
4
Q
permanent microbiota
A
constantly in/on body
5
Q
transient microbiota
A
only temporarily found in human body
6
Q
microbe free areas
A
blood, brain, muscles
- sepsis= blood infected with microbes
7
Q
mutualism
A
both benefit
8
Q
amensalism
A
harmed/unaffected
9
Q
commensalism
A
benefitted/unaffected
10
Q
neutralism
A
unaffected/unaffected
11
Q
parasitism
A
benefitted/harmed
12
Q
locations of commensal organisms
A
skin, oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, intestines, urogenital tract
13
Q
taxonomy
A
the science of classifying organisms into groups based on shared characteristics and characteristics
14
Q
Phylum Crenarchaeota
A
- aquatic
- mainly hyperthermophiles
15
Q
genus sulfolobus
A
- part of phylum crenarchaeota
- aerobic and anaerobic environments
- thermophiles, facultative anaerobes
16
Q
genus thermoproteus
A
- strictly anaerobic
- thermophiles
- flagella, circular membrane, lipid monolayer
- autotrophs
17
Q
Phylum Euryarchaeota
A
- classes methanobacteria, Methanococci, Methanomicrobia
- methanogens= reduce carbon dioxide in presence of hydrogen, producing methane, found in extreme environments
- class halobacteria
18
Q
Alphaproteobacteria
A
- class of Proteobacteria
- oligotrophs, that are capable of growth at very low levels of nutrients
- obligate intracellular or facultative
19
Q
Betaproteobacteria
A
- class of proteobacteria
- often use nutrient substances that diffuse away from areas of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter
- fastidious
20
Q
Gammaproteobacteria
A
- class of proteobacteria
- largest subgroup of proteobacteria and include a great variety of physiological types
21
Q
Deltaproteobacteria
A
- Proteobacteria
- include some bacteria that are predators on other bacteria and bacteria important contributors to the sulfur cycle
22
Q
Epsilon bacteria
A
- proteobacteria
- slender Gram-negative rods that are helical or curved
- microaerophilic
23
Q
Pasteurellales
A
- Gammaproteobacteria
- Pasteurella and Haemophilus
- non-motile, pleomorphic
24
Q
Pseudomonadales
A
- Gammaproteobacteria
- Pseudomonas- Metabolically diverse, polar flagella, single or tufts, aerobic
- Moraxella- aerobic, coccobacillus
- Acinetobacter- occurs in pairs, aerobic, motile, respiratory pathogens
25
Enterobacteriales
- Gammaproteobacteria
- Facultative anaerobic gram-negative rods and when motile, they have peritrichous flagella
26
Enterobacteriaceae
- Escherichia
- Salmonella
- Shigella
- Klebsiella
- Enterobacter
- Citrobacter
- proteus
- Erwinia
- Yersiniacease (Serratia, Yersinia)
- Morganellaceae (Ptoteus)
27
EHEC
- enterohemorrhagic E coli
- shiga toxins
- bloody diarrhea
- 10% with complications
28
ETEC
- enterotoxigenic E coli
- secretory toxins
- watery diarrhea
29
EPEC
- enteropathogenic E coli
- toxin similar to shigella toxin
- watery or bloody diarrhea
30
EIEC
- enteroinvasive E coli
- invade epithelial cells
- mucoid
- bloody diarrhea and fever
31
EAEC
- enteroadherent E coli
- adhere to intestinal cells
- watery diarrhea
32
EAggEC
- enteroaggregative E coli
- clump intestinal cells
- chronic mucoid watery diarrhea
33
Epsilonproteobacteria
- Campylobacter= one polar flagellum, causes gastroenteritis
- Helicobacter= multiple flagella, most common cause of peptic ulcers
34
gram negative bacteria
proteobacteria, non proteobacteria
35
nonproteobacteria
phototrophic
36
Purple sulfur bacteria
- oxidize hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid
- live in water
37
Green sulfur bacteria
- use sulfide for oxudation and produce large amounts of green bacteriochlorophyll
38
purple non-sulfur bacteria
similar to purple sulfur bacteria, except that they use hydrogen rather than hydrogen sulfide for oxudation
39
green non-sulfur bacteria
similar to green sulfur bacteria but they use substrates other than sulfides for oxidation
40
gram positive bacteria
Low G+C and high G+C
41
low G+C
- Firmicutes
- Mycoplasmatales
42
Firmicutes
- Clostridiales
- Bacillales
- Lactobacillales
- Streptococcus
- Enterococcus
43
Clostridium
- obligate anaerobes, rod shape, contain endospores
44
Epulopiscium
- clostridiales
- among the largest known bacteria
- symbiotic with sturgeon fish
45
Bacillus
- facultative anaerobes, rod shape
- contain endospores
46
- Staphylococcus
- bacillales
- facultative anaerobes
- cocci
- grow well in areas of low moisture
47
Listeria
- bacillales
- facultative anaerobe
- rod shape
- infections have a fatality rate of around 20%
48
Streptococcus
- facultative anaerobic
- coccus shape
- B-hemolytic
- non-B-hemolytic
49
Enterococcus
facultative anaerobic, coccus shape
50
Mycoplasma
very small, have undergone degenerative evolution
- highly pleomorphic
51
High G+C
Actinobacteria
52
Actinobacteria
- Mycobacterium
- Corynebacterium
- Cutibecterium
- Gardnerella
- Streptomyces
- Actinomyces
53
Mycobacterium
- aerobic
- occasionally filamentous
- rod shape
54
Corynebacterium
- aerobic
- pleomorphic
- skin commensal
55
Cutibacterium
- anaerobic or microaerophilic
- rod shape
56
Gardnerella
- facultative anaerobic
- highly pleomorphic
57
Streptomyces
- aerobic
- filamentous
- has reproductive asexual spores
58
Actinomyces
- facultative anaerobes found in mouth, throat of humans and other animals
