Chapter 4

Question 1

Selective Attention

Answer 1

Input is attended to and rest is tuned out

Question 2

Divided Attention

Answer 2

When/If we can perform multiple tasks simultaneously

Question 3

Attended Channel

Answer 3

Information listened to in selective attention

Question 4

Unattended Channel

Answer 4

Information not listened to in selective attention

Question 5

Broadbent Filter Model of Selective Attention

Answer 5

Input –> Sensory buffer –> Selective Filter –> Higher level processing –> Working Memory

Question 6

Treisman’s Attenuation Model

Answer 6

Input –> Sensory Buffer –> Attenuation Filter –> Higher level processing –> Working Memory

Question 7

Resource Model of Attention

Answer 7

Limited amount of resources available when performing tasks

Question 8

Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory

Answer 8

Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad and Episodic Buffer are governed by the Central Executive

Question 9

Schema

Answer 9

Mental framework

We can either assimilate to those schemas or accommodate/modify those schemas

Question 10

Piaget’s 4 Stages of Development

Answer 10

Sensorimotor Stage: 0-2. No object permanance
Pre-operational Stage: 2-7, egocentric.
Concrete Operational Stage: 7-11. Conservation Principle
Formal Operational Stage: 12+ Moral & abstract reasoning

Question 11

Recognition

Answer 11

Retrieving information from memory with clues

Question 12

Recall

Answer 12

Retrieving information from memory without clues

Question 13

Heuristics

Answer 13

Mental shortcuts

Question 14

Functional Fixedness

Answer 14

Perceiving the functions of objects as unchanging. Ex. Keys can cut open boxes

Question 15

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 15

Tendency to make decision by comparison to mental stereotypes.
Ex. Skateboarders get in trouble.

Question 16

Availability Heuristic

Answer 16

Tendency to make decision based on how readily information is called to memories.
Ex. Crime rates in the country (skewed)

Question 17

Reticular Formation

Answer 17

Structures in the brainstem that control alertness and arousal

Question 18

Relaxation Stage

Answer 18

Alpha Waves

Question 19

Stage 1 Sleep

Answer 19

Theta Waves

Question 20

Stage 2 Sleep

Answer 20

Theta waves, K complexes, sleep spindles

Question 21

Stage 3 & 4 Sleep

Answer 21

Delta Waves

Question 22

REM Sleep

Answer 22

Resemble beta waves. Muscle atonia.

Question 23

Freud’s Dream Theory

Answer 23

Dreams are subconscious thoughts

Question 24

Manifest Content

Answer 24

Literally what the dream was about

Question 25

Latent Content

Answer 25

What the dream actually represents

Question 26

Insomnia

Answer 26

Difficulty falling or staying asleep

Question 27

Narcolepsy

Answer 27

Sleep disorder where you experience periods of intense sleepiness

Question 28

Somnabulism

Answer 28

Sleepwalking

Question 29

Nucleus Acumbens

Answer 29

Pleasure center of the brain

Question 30

Universal Emotion

Answer 30

Happy, Sad, Fear, Anger, Disgust and Surprise

Question 31

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 31

One will perform best when moderately aroused.

Question 32

James Lange Theory

Answer 32

Stimulus --> Physiological response (Inc HR) --> Interpretation of physiological response --> Emotion (Happy) Sad because you cry not cry because you are sad

Question 33

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 33

Stimulus --> Physiological response (Inc HR) & Emotion (Happy)

Question 34

Schachter-Singer Theory

Answer 34

Stimulus --> Physiological response (Inc HR) --> Labeling PR & Event (I like it) --> Emotion (Happy)

Question 35

Lazarus Theory

Answer 35

Event --> Appraisal (Label) --> Emotion + Physiological Response)

Question 36

HAT Hippo

Answer 36

H: Hypothalamus (ANS innervatino) A: Amygdala (Emotional control & inhibition) T: Thalamus (relay see/hear/feel/taste) NOT smell Hippocampus: Working memory

Question 37

Appraisal

Answer 37

``` How it is interpreted by an individual. Primary appraisal (what threat right now) Secondary appraisal (ability to cope with this stress) ```

Question 38

Stressors

Answer 38

1) Significant Life Change 2) Catestrophic Events 3) Daily Hassles 4) Ambient Stressors (Pollution/Noise etc)

Question 39

General Adaptation Syndrome

Answer 39

1st Phase: Alarm 2nd Phase: Resistance 3rd Phase: Exhaustion

Question 40

Effect of Stress on Heart

Answer 40

Increase BP | Vascular disease

Question 41

Effect of Stress on Metabolism

Answer 41

Increases Cortisol | Increased Glucagon increases glucose supply (extra blood sugar harmful)

Question 42

Effect of Stress on Reproduction

Answer 42

LH & FSH inhibited, decreases reproductive abilities. | Decrease in testosterone in men.

Question 43

Effect of Stress on Immune System

Answer 43

Increased in inflammation

Question 44

Effect of Stress on Behavior

Answer 44

Depression & Anger

Question 45

Universalism

Answer 45

Thoughts come before language. Thoughts determines our language. Guinea people did not have thoughts of different colors to have words for it.

Question 46

Piaget's Thoughts

Answer 46

Thoughts influence language. | Once children can think a certain way, they then develop language to describe these thoughts.

Question 47

Vygotsky Theory of Thought

Answer 47

Thoughts and language are independent of each other but eventually you learn to use them at the same time.

Question 48

Weak Hypothesis of Linguistic Determinism

Answer 48

Language influences thoughts. | Easier to think in certain ways depending on our language.

Question 49

Strong Hypothesis of Linguistic Determinism

Answer 49

Language determines thoughts completely. | Aka Whorfian Hypothesis.

Question 50

Nativist/Innatist Theory

Answer 50

Noam Chomsky Children are born with the ability to learn language Children have Language Activation Device (LAD) which operates during critical period and allows to learn language.

Question 51

Learning Theory

Answer 51

Children are not born with the ability to learn they only acquire language through reinforcement.

Question 52

Interactionist Approach

Answer 52

Biological + Social factors have to interact in order for children to learn language. Vygotsky

Question 53

Broca's Area

Answer 53

Helps us speak Left frontal lobe Needed in language expression

Question 54

Wernicke's Area

Answer 54

Helps us understand language | Temporal Lobe

Question 55

Broca's Aphasia

Answer 55

Broken Speech | Trouble producing speech, words become halting or slurred.

Question 56

Wernicke's Aphasia

Answer 56

No trouble producing words but the words do not make sense. Nonsense sentences.

Question 57

Global Aphasia

Answer 57

Broca's & Wernicke's Aphasia

Question 58

Broca's area and wernicke's area are connected by a fiber bundle called what?

Answer 58

Arcuate Fasciulus