Chapter 7 Flashcards by John Doe

Self Concept

How someone thinks about themselves. Self concept is constant.
Two parts: Existential & Categorical

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Existential Self

We are separate or distinct from other objects or people

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Categorical Self

Even though objects/beings are separate from each other, we exist in the world together.

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Social Identity Theory

Is a person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership

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Self-Efficacy

Belief in one’s capability to succeed in a certain situation. Strong or Weak Self-efficacy. Can have low self-esteem but high self-efficacy.

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Strong Self Efficacy

R - Recover quickly
I - Interests
S - Strong commitment
E - Enjoy

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Weak Self Efficacy

F - Fail
A - Avoid
L - Lose
L - Lack

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Locus of Control

Internal: Blames one’s self
External: Blames outside forces
Perceived control of events in life

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Theories of Development

1) Freud (Psychosexual) - Personality
2) Erikson (Psychosocial) - Personality
3) Vygotsky (Sociocultural) - Cognition
4) Kohlberg (Moral development) - Cognition

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Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

1) Oral (0-1): Development - Smoke/Overeat
2) Anal (1-3): Toilet train - Orderliness/Messiness
3) Phallic (3-6): Oedipus complex
4) Latent (6-12): Social skills
5) Genital (12+): Sexual maturity

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Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

1) Trust v. Mistrust (0-1)
2) Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt (1-3)
3) Initiative v. Guilt (3-6)
4) Industry v. Inferiority (6-12)
5) Identity v. Role-confusion (12-18)
6) Intimacy v. Isolation (18-35)
7) Generativity v Stagnation (35-60)
8) Integrity v. Despair (60+)

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Sociocultural Development

How do one’s social interactions influence their cognition? Developed by Vygotsky

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MKO

More Knowledgeable Other

Higher level of understanding/ability of task at hand

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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help

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Theory of Moral Development

1) Pre-moral stage
2) Conventional stage
3) Post-conventional stage

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Social Influence

When one’s emotions, opinions, or behaviors are affected by others

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George Mead

The I and the Me theory
Me - Society’s view
I - My personal view

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Charles Cooley

Looking Glass Self: View of ourselves also comes from how we are being perceived by others

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Attribution Theory

How we find explanations for behaviors of others.

Kelly’s Covariation Model

Factors used to determine if behavior is due to internal or external factors.

Fundamental Attribution Error

We underrecognize social factors when judging someone else’s factors

Actor Observer Bias

We look at our behavior as a product of environment

We look at other’s behavior as a product of internal factors

Self Serving Bias

Protects & enhances our self esteem

Success is due to us, failures is due to environment

Prejudice

Cognition - Stereotype
Affect - Prejudice
Behavior - Discrimination

Is a personality more susceptible for prejudice?

Authoritarian

Frustration Aggression Hypothesis

When frustration cannot be taken out on the source, people get more aggressive and scapegoat their frustration elsewhere.

Hypothesis of Relative Deprevation

When desires become expectations which are not being met. This leads to aggression.

Just World Hypothesis

Belief that noble acts are rewarded and evil acts are punished. Helps rationalize fortune/misfortune

Ethnocentric

Evaluating other people's culture from the perspective of their own culture

Culture Relativism

All cultures are of equal value and right in their own manner

Group Polairzation

Groups action become more extreme than what any individual member has intended.

Secure attachment

Explore the room & when mother left child gets upset and when mother comes back, child is soothed

Insecure attachment

Do not explore the room & upset when mother leaves and not soothed when mother returns.

Aggression

Physical or verbal behavior that is meant to destroy

Primary Groups

Close intimate long term relationships

Secondary Groups

Goal oriented short term relationships

Goffman

People and their nature and interactions. | Responsible for "Dramaturgy"

Dramaturgy

Front Stage: When people are in social setting People put on a "front" and act Back Stage: "Private life"

Impression management

Try to manage the way we are viewed by those around us. Put on many different shows.

Bureacracy

Rules, structure and ranking that guides organizations.

Iron Rule of Oligarchy

Even the most democratic organizations become more bureaucratic over time.

Ideal Bureaucracy

1) Division of Labor 2) Hierarchy of Organization 3) Rules & Regulations 4) Impersonality (act unbiased manner) 5) Employment on Qualifications

Role Strain

Strain based on one role. Being a student and the strains of being a student

Role Conflict

The problems when you have multiple roles fighting for your time

Pseudospeciation

In its extreme form describes attempts to dehumanize other groups.

Functional Attribution Error

When people try to find reasons for someone's behavior, they tend to overestimate personality factors and underestimate situational factors.

Self Serving Bias

When a person describes their own behavior and tend to choose attributions that are favorable to themselves. This means that people like to take credit for their good actions and let the situation account for their bad actions.