Activity limitation
Difficultly encountered by an individual in executing a task or action.
Participation restriction
A problem experienced by individual involvement in life situations.
Disability
An umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions.
Disability prevalence
higher estimate
15% of the population
Impairment
Problem in body function or structure.
Why are disability numbers growing?
Aging population, global increase in chronic health conditions associated with disability.
Chronic diseases are estimated to account for what percent of all years lived with disability in low and middle income countries?
66.5%
Stereotype
A simplified and/or standardized conception or image, often held in common by people about another group.
There is higher disability prevalence in ______ income countries.
Lower income countries
Do women or do men with disabilities face gender discrimination and more disabling barriers?
Women
Most excluded group from the labor market
Those with mental health difficulties and intellectual disabilities
Models of disability
Representations that become firmly established and are used to understand, think, and talk about disability.
Charity model of disability
People with disabilities:
- should be pitied
- need our help
- are victims of their impairment
- broken/sick
- need to be fixed/cured
- not contributing members of society
A problem with the charity model of disability is that it results in…?
It’s stigmatizing and it gives people low self-esteem
Medical model of disability
- Disability is an illness or medical condition
- it’s an individual problem
- it can be cured or cared for
- Professionals have the control
Problems with the medical model of disability?
- person is the problem, not the society
- justifies systematic exclusion
Impairment
medical model
Any loss or optimality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function.
Disability
medical model
Any restrictions or lack (resulting from impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.
The social model of disability
- disability is not an individual problem
- disability is a social issue
- cure lives in restructuring society
- disadvantage due to a complex form of institutional discrimination is fundamental to our society as sexism, racism, homophobia
Impairment
social model
The functional limitations with in the individual caused by physical, mental or sensory impairment.
Disability
social model
The loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the normal life of the community on an equal level with others due to physical and social barriers.
Rights-based model of disability
Focus: the fulfilment of human rights
Laws and policies he must’ve sure the barriers created by society are removed.
Two main elements of the rights based model of disability
- empowerment: people with disabilities as active stakeholders
- accountability: duty of public institutions and structures to implement human rights
Attitudinal barriers
Fear, ignorance, low expectations
Environmental barriers
Results in physical inaccessibility affecting all aspects of life (markets, shops, public buildings, transport, etc.)
Institutional barriers
- Legal discrimination
- being excluded from certain rights
UDHR
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
ICESCR
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
ICCPR
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Who are vulnerable groups?
Minorities, First Nations, disabled, women, children, elderly, unemployed.
CRPD
United Nations Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Adopted in 2006
Aim of CRPD?
Promote, protect, and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights by persons with disabilities.
CRPD marks a shift in thinking about disability from a ____ concern, to a ____ issue.
From a social welfare concern to human rights issue.
Does the CRPD create new rights and entitlement?
No, it make sure the people with disabilities get the rights they are entitled to already.
What percent of construction costs does it require to make buildings accessible?
1% of costs needs to be invested at beginning of construction.
What percent of employers reported that employees with disabilities do not require any special attention?
75%
How much more likely do persons with disabilities report that they find their healthcare provider skills are inadequate to meet their needs?
Twice as likely
What are some reasons that residential institutions are bad?
Lack of autonomy, segregation from wider community, other human rights violations.
Mainstreaming
The process by which governments and stakeholders address the barriers that exclude persons with disabilities from participating equally with others in any activity and from services intended for the general public.
Ways to improve data collection on disability
- implement the CRPD nationally and internationally
- uniform definitions of disability based on the ICF allows for comparable data