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PSYCH 3781 > CHAPTER 4+5 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 4+5 Flashcards

1
Q

define clique

A

small groups (5-6) of same sex and age, similar activities/interest and in group identity

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2
Q

define crowds

A

larger group structure, based on reputation, is place where dating begins

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3
Q

what are the 6 types of crowds?

A

jocks, populars, normals, druggies, nobodies and independents

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4
Q

what are the 5 categories children can be placed in?

A

accepted, average, neglected, rejected, controversial

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5
Q

define an accepted child

A

frequently nominated as best friend, rarely disliked by peers, linked to + outcomes, school success, wellbeing

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6
Q

define average child

A

received average # of friends and negative nominations, average

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7
Q

define neglected child in term of class play

A

infrequently nominated as friend but not disliked by peers, linked to shyness and low support

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8
Q

define rejected child

A

infrequently nominated as friend, actively disliked, poor school performance, bullying/aggression, loneliness and less prosocial

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9
Q

define controversial child

A

frequently nominated as friend and as being disliked, linked to lower motivation at school and aggressive behaviour

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10
Q

consequences of peer status

A

loneliness, difficulty in school, behavioural and emotional, physical health problems

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11
Q

what are traits of rejected-aggressive?

A

hyperactive, impulsive and conflict

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12
Q

what are traits of rejected-withdrawn

A

passive, socially awkward, lonely

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13
Q

define neglected children

A

shy, quiet, less aggressive than other children

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14
Q

define socially reticent child

A

watch others from afar, remain unoccupied in social company, hover near but do not engage in interaction

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15
Q

define unsociable/socially interested child

A

not anxious or fearful but refrain from social interaction as they prefer to play alone

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16
Q

what are 6 steps of social problem solving theory

A
  1. encode social cues
  2. interpret social cues
  3. formulate social goals
  4. generate possible problem solving strategies
  5. evaluate probable effectiveness of strategies
  6. enact response
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17
Q

define social competence

A

achieve personal goals in social interactions while simultaneously maintaining positive relationships with others over time and across situations

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18
Q

what does social competence lead to?

A

Generation and use of strategies that prevent or resolve disagreement results in positive outcomes for self and others

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19
Q

define hostile attribution bias

A

some children search for evidence of hostility towards them; linked to aggressive behaviour

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20
Q

define repetitional bias

A

tendency to interpret peer’s behaviours on basis of past encounters with and feelings about them

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21
Q

define popular antisocial

A

well known, cool, athletic, attractive, poor students, manipulative

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22
Q

define popular prosocial

A

well liked and accepted, friendly, cooperative, academic achievers

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23
Q

define scientific method

A

formulate hypotheses based on theory; use replicable techniques to collect, study analyze data

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24
Q

define operationalize

A

defining construct so that it is observable and measurable

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25
define construct
idea or concept
26
define self report
reports about themselves
27
define peer report
peers report about you
28
define teacher report
teacher takes observations
29
define parent report
parent makes observations
30
define observations (naturalistic)
watching subjects in natural environemnts
31
define observations (lab)
watching subjects in laboratory environments
32
define physiological measures
set of instruments that convey precise info about individuals bodily functions (e.g. heart rate)
33
define peer report (nominations)
to nominate or rank peers by variable of interest
34
ways to record observation data
running narratives, transcription, event recording, interval recoding, global scale rating
35
define cross sectional design
one time point; typically correlational
36
define longitudinal design
changes over time but attrition
37
define experimental design
control group, random assignment but not ethically possible with many topics
38
define intervenition design (pre/post)
experimental design, look for changes due to treatment
39
define agression
someone feeling hurt and there is intent to harm
40
define instrumental/proactive aggression
used to help child get what they want, cool and deliberate, relational
41
define reactive aggression
hostile, used to hurt someone, impulsive and more physical
42
how is physical harm caused?
physical injury; more common for boys
43
how is verbal harm caused?
threat of physical aggression (ex. name calling)
44
how is relational/social harm caused?
damage to social relationships
45
what % of toddlers use physical aggression?
80%
46
what is higher physical aggression related to?
peer rejection and increase conflict in kindergarten
47
what does higher relational aggression relate to?
higher acceptance and less conflict due to language development and skills
48
what happens to aggression in middle school?
declines for most, higher rates at this age related to conduct disorder, delinquency, dysregulation
49
what are biological causes of aggression
deficits in CNS serotonin linked to higher levels of severe aggression in adults; hormonal correlates (testosterone); prenatal correlates (smoking, drugs)
50
what are family/peer context causes of aggression
martial conflicts, childhood maltreatment, deviant friends, less sensitivity, coercive interaction patterns
51
what are social cognitive deficit causes of aggression
impulse, fear, hostile attributes, overly high self esteem
52
what are biological and social (combined) causes of aggression
kids who have low level serotonin and family conflict are violent offender in adulthood
53
define parental psychological control
constrains, invalidates, manipulates kids psychological and emotional experience through shaming, guilt, withholding love, anxiety
54
effects of parental psychological control
interferes with developing social competence, develop victim schema of themselves, exacerbate highly emotional reactive aggression
55
define verbal aggression
yelling threatening name calling, increases with age, related to anxiety, depression
56
define relational aggression (social)
behaviour that is intended to harm someone by damaging or manipulating relationship with others
57
examples of relational aggression
spreading rumours, silent treatment, social exclusion,
58
when does relational aggression begin
pre school (age 3)
59
define adaptive:
role in protection, survival and developmental growth
60
how can adaptiveness be used in middle childhood?
can be used to attract peers and impress them with aggressor toughness
61
how can adaptiveness be used in adolecence
key to maintaining membership or risking in status of hierarchy of gang
62
what are patterns of developmental changes in aggression in infancy?
expressing anger and frustration, early signs appear (pushing, shoving), differences in irritability
63
what are patterns of developmental changes in aggression in preschool years?
proactive/instrumental aggression and increase of verbal aggression, relational aggression begins to appear, boys more physical
64
what are patterns of developmental changes in aggression in elementary
reactive/hostile aggression appears, relational becomes more sophisticated and physical declines, parental monitoring important to deter delinquency
65
in elementary, what type of aggression do girls use?
relational
66
in elementary, what type of aggression do boys use?
physical and relational
67
what are patterns of developmental changes in aggression in adolescence
aggressive children select aggressive, deviant peers, relational continues and increase in deviant payr groups
68
define moffitt's developmental theory of crime
life course persistent where engage in antisocial behaviour for long periods and adolecent limited where few problems in childhood, unlikely to continue antisocial behaviour

PSYCH 3781 (4 decks)

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