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PSYCH 3781 > CHAPTER 1+2 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1+2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 major theories in child development?

A
  1. psychoanalytic theory
  2. attachment theory
  3. behavioural and social cognitive theory
  4. cognitive theory
  5. ecological theory
  6. evolutionary theory
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2
Q

define psychoanalytic theory

A

development is unconscious and emotional; behaviour is surface characteristic and working of mind needs to be analyzed to understand behaviour

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3
Q

example of psychoanalytic theory

A

freud’s personality theory and erikson’s psychosocial theory

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4
Q

what is freud’s personality theory

A

conscious, preconscious (superego) and unconscious (id)

individual differences in personality impact all social relationships

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5
Q

define ID

A

consists of instincts

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6
Q

define ego

A

deals with demands of reality

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7
Q

define superego

A

moral branches of personality (3-6)

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8
Q

what is erikson’s psychosocial theory

A

believed freud misjudged some important dimensions of human development

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9
Q

what are the 8 stages of psychosocial development

A
  1. infancy
  2. early childhood
  3. play age
  4. school age
  5. adolescence
  6. young adulthood
  7. adulthood
  8. mature age
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10
Q

infancy =

A

trust vs mistrust

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11
Q

early childhood =

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt

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12
Q

play age =

A

initiative vs guilt

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13
Q

school age =

A

initiative vs guilt

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14
Q

adolescence =

A

identity vs identity confusion

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15
Q

young adulthood =

A

intimacy vs isolation

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16
Q

adulthood =

A

generativity vs stagnation

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17
Q

mature age =

A

integrity vs despair

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18
Q

what are conclusions about psychoanalytic theory

A

early parent-child experiences are important for future of social relationships
unconscious aspects need to be considered

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19
Q

define attachment theory

A

quality of carefiver relationship has lifelong impact on personality development and social relationships

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20
Q

define behavioural theory

A

all behaviour is learned thorugh experience with environment

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21
Q

examples of behavioural theory

A

Palvov’s dogs, Skinner’s Classical Conditioning

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22
Q

example of cognitive social theory

A

Bandura’s Bobo doll experiement

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23
Q

what happened in the Bobo experiment?

A

88% of children imitated aggression

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24
Q

define cognitive theory

A

children’s friendships have significant role in successful cognitive development

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25
what are 2 important cognitive theories?
Piaget's cognitive development theory and vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory
26
define Piaget's theory
children actively construct their understanding of the world as they go through.4 stages of cognitive development give more complex understanding of language and logic
27
what are the 4 stages of cognitive development?
1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operations
28
define Vygotsky's theory
cultural and social interaction guide development and children's social interaction with more skilled adults is indispensable in advancing cognitive development
29
define upper limit
level of responsibility child can accept with assistance of able instructor
30
define lower limit
level of problem solving reached on these tasks by child working alone
31
what is in-between upper and lower limit?
zone of proximal development
32
what is an example of ecological theory?
Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems theory
33
define Bronfenbrenner's theory
views child development as a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
34
define macrosystem
social ideologies and values of cultures and subcultures
35
define ecosystem
systems that influence individual indirectly through Microsystems
36
define mesosystems
connections between systems and Microsystems
37
define technosystems
media influences (e.g. computers, internet)
38
define chronosystems
time and historical influences
39
define evolutionary theory
examines child in context of species evolution and biological roots of behaviour
40
define attachment
close emotional bond between 2 people
41
freud's definition of attachment
oral satisfaction and feeding
42
harlow's definition of attachment
contact comfort shown in monkeys given two mothers; one made of metal but had food and one without food but a fibre cloth
43
erikson's definition of attachment
physical comfort and sensitivity (trust vs mistrust)
44
bowlbys definition of attachment
internal working model, rules and expectations regarding relationship; models used as template for future relationships; infant and caregivers biologically predisposed to form attachments
45
4 characteristics of attachment
proximity maintenance, safe haven, secure base and seperation distress
46
define proximity maintenance
desire to be near people we are attached too
47
define safe haven
returning to attachment figure for comfort and safety in face of fear or threat
48
define secure base
attachment figure acts as base of security where child can explore environment
49
seperation distress
anxiety that occurs in absence
50
define strange situation
shows baby and the reaction to mother leaving with presence of stranger
51
define securely attached babies
uses caregiver as secure base to explore enviro when mom leaves, cries but when she returns, seeks out actively have caregivers who are sensitive to signals and available to respond to infant needs
52
define sensitive care
caregiving that is consistent and responsive
53
define secure avoidant babies
show insecurity by avoiding mom, rarely cries when separated, may pretend to not notice/not make eye contact when she returns
54
define insecure resistant/ambivalent
when mom close, kid stays near, anxious before mom leaves, extremely upset when she does and seeks and resists contact clings to caregiver and resists by fighting against closeness by kicking
55
define insecure disorganized babies
disorganized, disoriented, fearful, inconsistent behaviour and stressed, freezing behaviour
56
what % use secure attachment
60%
57
what % use avoidant attachment
15%
58
what % use resistant attachment?
10%
59
what % use disorganized attachment?
15%
60
define secure autonomous in adults
secure, freely and openly talk about childhood experiences
61
define avoidant attachment in adults
dismissing, emphasizes importance of attachment and don't want close relationships
62
define resistant attachment in adults
preoccupied, hyper tuned to attachment experiences
63
define disorganized attachment in adults
unresolved; high level of fear and disoriented
64
consequence of having a child that displayed securely attachment
more emotionally positive, empathetic, socially competent at 4-5, more friends/popular, develop close friendships
65
consequence of having a child that displayed secure attachments for cognitive development
more exploratory behaviour, interest, less frustration and crying, more attentive in class and higher grades in HS
66
what type of mother is more likely to have secure baby?
more sensitive, older, had more social supports (regardless of how many hours worked)

PSYCH 3781 (4 decks)

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