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1
Q

Culture came from Latin colo,-ere meaning

A

to cultivate

2
Q

Complex whole acquired by man as a member of the society

A

Culture

3
Q

The way of life for an entire society

A

Culture

4
Q

Culture’s acquired complex whole includes

A
🔹knowledge
🔹beliefs
🔹art
🔹law
🔹custom
🔹habit
🔹attitude
🔹skills
🔹abilities
🔹values
🔹norms
🔹art
🔹law
🔹morals
🔹customs
🔹tradition
🔹feeling
5
Q

5 other definitions of Culture

A

🔹Man’s social and material inventions, man’s artificial or man made environment including the learned ways of doing things
🔹refers to the artificial or man-made environment as well as the behavioral aspects of man’a way of life
🔹provides prescriptions and proscriptions for group life
🔹social heritage of a society
🔹customary ways in which groups transmit from one generation to another

6
Q

10 Characteristics of Culture

A
  1. Learned
  2. Socially transmitted through language
  3. A social product
  4. A source of gratification
  5. Adaptive
  6. A distinctive way of life of a group of people
  7. Material and non-material
  8. Has sanctions and controls
  9. Stable yet dynamic
  10. An established pattern of behavior
7
Q

COC:

Not genetically transmitted. But learned through experience, education and training

A

Culture is learned

8
Q

COC:

Culture is transmitted from one generation to another through the medium of language

A

Socially transmitted through language

9
Q

Mediums of language

A

🔹Verbal
🔹Nonverbal
🔹Orally
🔹Writing

10
Q

COC:

The product of social interaction, mutual inter stimulation and response of people with one another

A

Culture is a social product

11
Q

COC1:
The patterns for behavior, learned ways of doing things which have become stable, and the material products of such interactions developed culture

A

Culture as a social product

12
Q

COC:

Provides satisfaction of man’a varied psychological, physiological, social emotional, spiritual being

A

Culure as a source of gratification

13
Q

COC:

Through discoveries, man has been able to overcome his limitations to outdo other animals

A

Culture is adaptive

14
Q

COC:

Developed their way of life that suits their needs and particular situation

A

Culture is a distinctive way of life of a group of people

15
Q

Such culture is different from one society to another

A

Cultural diversity

16
Q

COC:

Buildings, machines

A

Material

17
Q

COC:

Knowledge, skills

A

Non-material

18
Q

COC:

Has rewards for conformity to culture but there are also punishments for deviations or violations of the culture

A

Culture has sanctions and controls

19
Q

COC:

Culture is preserved and accumulated. Culture continually changes and grows and accumulates with the passing of time

A

Culture is stable and dynamic

20
Q

COC:

Members act in a fairly uniform manner because they share mutual beliefs

A

Cultue is an established pattern of behavior.

21
Q

4 Components kf Culture

A

🔹Norms
🔹Ideas, Beliefs, Values
🔹Material Culture
🔹Symbols

22
Q

guidelines people are supposed to follow in their relation with one another

A

Norms

23
Q

Shared rules that specify what is right or wrong

A

Norms

24
Q

Indicate standard of propriety, morality, legality, and ethics of society that are covered by sanctions when violatons are made

A

Norms

25
Q

Everyday habits, customs, traditions, conventions people obey without giving much thought to the matter

A

Folkways

26
Q

General customary/habitual ways and patterns of doing things which do not have have particular moral and ethical significance

A

Folkways

27
Q

Considered vital to their well being and most cherished values

A

Mores

28
Q

Special customs with moral and ethical significance, which are strongly held and emphasized

A

Mores

29
Q

Society’s codes of ethics, moral commandments, and standards of morality

A

Mores

30
Q

Positive mores

A

Duty

31
Q

Thou shall behavior

A

Duty

32
Q

Must and put to be done because they are ethically and morally good

A

Duty

33
Q

Negative mores

A

Taboo

34
Q

Thou shall not behavior

A

Taboo

35
Q

Social prohibitions because they are not only illegal but also unethical and immoral

A

Taboo

36
Q

People who violate mores are labeled and may be

A

as deviants and unfit for society,

May be ostracised, beaten, punished, imprisoned, incarcerated, rehabilitated, exiled or executed

37
Q

Formalized norms enacted by people vested with legitimate authority

A

Law

38
Q

Sanctions are socially imposed rewards and punishments that compel people to obey norms

A

Laws

39
Q

3 Types of norms

A

🔹Folkways
🔹Mores
🔹Laws

40
Q

Non/material aspects of culture and embody man’s conception of his physical social and cultural world

A

Ideas

41
Q

A person’s conviction about a certain idea

A

Belief

42
Q

Embodies the people’s perception of reality and includes their primitive ideas of the universe as well as the scientists’ empirical view of the world

A

Beliefs

43
Q

Abstract concepts of what is important and worthwhile

A

Values

44
Q

General ideas that individuals share about what is good or bad, right or wrong

A

Values

45
Q

He identified 15 major value orientation of wit

A

Robin Williams

46
Q

Concrete and tangible objects produced and used by men to satisfy his varies needs and wants

A

Material culture

47
Q

Simple man-made tools and objects that represent evidence of an ancient culture

A

Artifacts

48
Q

According to them: “An ordinary piece i
of ground is nothing on the view point of culture, but it has become a burial ground, a factory site, a football field, then it has become part of culture.”

A

Ludenberg and Larcen

49
Q

An object, gesture, sound, color or design that represents something “other than itself”

A

Symbol

50
Q

Different viewpoint/Perspective of Culture

A
🔹Cultural Relativism
🔹Culture Shock
🔹Ethnocentrism
🔹Xenocentrism
🔹Noble Savage Mentality
🔹Subculture
🔹Counterculture or Contra culture
🔹Culture lag
51
Q

“Cultures differ, so that a cultural trait, act or idea has no meaning or function by itself but has a meaning only within its cultural setting”

A

Horton and Hunt, Cultural relativism

52
Q

Feeling of disbelief, disorganisation, and frustration one experiences when he encounters cultural patterns or practices which are different from his

A

Culture shock

53
Q

“Disruption with an unfamiliar or alien culture”

A

Culture shock, David and Julia Jay

54
Q

Tendency to see the behaviors, beliefs, values and norms of one’s own group as the only right way of living and to judge others by those standard

A

Ethnocentrism

55
Q

The feeling of superiority of one’s own culture and to consider other cultures as inferior, wrong, strange and queer

A

Ethnocentrism

56
Q

What is foreign is best and one’s own lifestyle, products or ideas are inferior to those of others

A

Xenocentrism

57
Q

Colonial mentality

A

Xenocentrism

58
Q

The culture and way of life of the primitives or simple culture are better, more acceptable, and more orderly

A

Noble savage mentality

59
Q

Smaller groups which develop norms, values beliefs, and the conventional standards of the dominant culture

A

Subculture

60
Q

Subgroups whose standards come in conflict with and oppose the conventional standards of the dominant culture

A

Counterculture or contra culture

61
Q

The gap between the material and non-material culture

A

Culture lag

62
Q

8 other symbolic use of culture

A
🔹Culture of Poverty
🔹Culture of Opulence
🔹Culture of Corruption
🔹Culture of Silence or sabotage
🔹Pop Culture
🔹Culture of Apathy
🔹Culture of Conspicuous Consumption 
🔹Culture of Exploitation and Dehumanization
63
Q

Learned ways of life of the poor, a vicious cycle of deprivation and want transmitted from one generation to another

A

Culture of Poverty

64
Q

Ways of life of the rich and famous in their world of glitz and glamour

A

Culture of Opulence

65
Q

Established patterns of illegally amassing wealth obtaining power or concessions in the government or private office

A

Culture of corruption

66
Q

Individual or group attitude to keep silent as a resigned response to authority

A

Culture of silence or sabotage

67
Q

Popular ways, practices, and interests of contemporary society

A

Pop culture

68
Q

Prevalent inaction, indifference, lack of emotion and interest of the people in regard to the issues and concerns which needed attention and resolutions

A

Culture of apathy

69
Q

Ways and practices of the super rich in buying goods and obtaining services in excess of what they can actually consume

A

Culture of conspicuous consumption

70
Q

Socially entrenched pattern of abusive and exploitive practices by the moneyed and power wielding members of the society against the culturally deprived and materially disadvantaged group of the society

A

Culture of exploitation and dehumanization

71
Q

5 causes of cultural change

A
🔹Discovery
🔹Inventions
🔹Diffusion
🔹Colonization (Imperialism)
🔹Rebellion and Revolutionary Movement
72
Q

Culture is not ——

A

Static

73
Q

While culture is preserved, it is also

A

Changing

74
Q

Refers to the process of finding a new place or an object, artifact on anything previously existed

A

Discovery

75
Q

Creative mental process of devising, creating and producing something new, novel or original

A

Invention

76
Q

Spread of cultural traits or social practices from a society or group to another belonging to the same society or to another through direct contact with each other and exposure to new forms

A

Difussion

77
Q

Mode of diffusion through trade and commerce, conquest and colonization

A

Direct contact

78
Q

4 social processes of diffusion

A

🔹Acculturation
🔹Assimilation
🔹Amalgamation
🔹Enclulturation

79
Q

Cultural borrowing and imitation

A

Acculturation

80
Q

Blending or fusion of two distinct cultures through long periods of interactions

A

Assimilation

81
Q

Biological or hereditary fusion of members of different societies

A

Amalgamation

82
Q

Enculturation

A

Deliberate infusion of a new culture to another

83
Q

Aka Imperialism

A

Colonization

84
Q

Political, social and political policy if establishing a colony which would subject to the rule of governance of the colonising state

A

Colonization

85
Q

More technology advanced countries dominate a less developed state

A

Neo-colonialism or economic imperialism

86
Q

Aim to change the whole social order and replace the leadership

A

Rebellion and revolutionary movement

87
Q

Aka nature of cultural similarity

A

Universal patterns of culture

88
Q

Broad areas pf social living found in all societies

A

Universal patterns of culture

89
Q

Features and elements common to all cultures rather than to the specific cultural traits

A

Universal patterns of culture

90
Q

He identifies 11 broad areas of social life which constitute the universal pattern of science

A

Wissler

91
Q

11 broad areas of social life

A
🔹Language or speech
🔹Material traits
🔹Art
🔹Mythology
🔹Scientific knowledge 
🔹Religious Practice 
🔹Family
🔹Social Systems
🔹Property
🔹Government
🔹War
92
Q

3 Basic Schemes for Comparative Studies of Culture

A

🔹Comparative Techniques
🔹Study of Specific Differences in society which are basically similar
🔹The approach centering on specific similarities among societies

93
Q

Analyzing differences among different categories or groups within a society in a given historical period, studying subcultural norms, values, and behavior patterns which belong to this area

A

Comparative technique

94
Q

6 Factors that account for the development of culture

A
🔹Human biological needs and drives
🔹Psychological processes
🔹Man's highly developed nervous systems
🔹Man's highly developed vocal apparatus
🔹Man's upright posture
🔹Physical and Social Environment
95
Q

Bodily lack or deprivation without which the human body stands to perish

A

Need

96
Q

Inner force or tension which impels a person to do something to satisfy the need and restore internal balance or equilibrium

A

Drive

97
Q

Totality and integration of an individual’s mental and thought processes, such as cognition, perception, memory, emotions and other thinking processes

A

Psychological processes

98
Q

More developed and complex nervous system than other animals

A

Man’s highly developed nervous system

99
Q

This difference enables man with a superior intelligence necessary for effective adaptation to his environment and the resolution of the problems of existence

A

Man’s highly developed nervous system

100
Q

Man is endowed with a highly complex vocal apparatus for effective speech or language

A

Man’s highly developed vocal apparatus

101
Q

Indispensable factor in the development and transmission of culture

A

Language

102
Q

Allows for the freedom of the arms and hands to be used for more creative and manipulative activities

A

Man’s upright posture

103
Q

Conditions man to limit his choices on the available resources found in this immediate environment

A

Physical or natural environment

104
Q

Composed of people around him and the patterns and quality of social interactions taking place provide him with the necessary socialization for his effective participation in the society

A

Social environment

105
Q

4 Factors that account for diversities or differences in culture

A

🔹Cultural Variability
🔹Cultural Relativity
🔹Environmental differences
🔹Human Ingenuity and ability to absorb and expand new cultures

106
Q

People devise different solutions to the problems of existence

A

Cultural variability

107
Q

Due to differences in beliefs, values, norms and standard

A

Cultural relativity

108
Q

Standards of behavior must be understood within a society’s cultural context

A

Cultural relativity

109
Q

People live in different kinds of environment

A

Environment differences

110
Q

Huxley: 3 Factors that give rise to cultural differences

A

🔹the kind of one’s environment
🔹the available human and natural resources
🔹the extent of exposure to other people

111
Q

Some people appear to be more adaptive, integrative creative and responsive to their natural and social environment

A

Human ingenuity and ability to absorb and expand new culture

112
Q

Societies may possess different culture but there are common elements in culture which are considered

A

Universal patterns

113
Q

“_______ is the totality earned, socially transmitted behavior.” -______

A

Culture