Chapter 4-5 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Culture came from Latin colo,-ere meaning
A
to cultivate
2
Q
Complex whole acquired by man as a member of the society
A
Culture
3
Q
The way of life for an entire society
A
Culture
4
Q
Culture’s acquired complex whole includes
A
🔹knowledge 🔹beliefs 🔹art 🔹law 🔹custom 🔹habit 🔹attitude 🔹skills 🔹abilities 🔹values 🔹norms 🔹art 🔹law 🔹morals 🔹customs 🔹tradition 🔹feeling
5
Q
5 other definitions of Culture
A
🔹Man’s social and material inventions, man’s artificial or man made environment including the learned ways of doing things
🔹refers to the artificial or man-made environment as well as the behavioral aspects of man’a way of life
🔹provides prescriptions and proscriptions for group life
🔹social heritage of a society
🔹customary ways in which groups transmit from one generation to another
6
Q
10 Characteristics of Culture
A
- Learned
- Socially transmitted through language
- A social product
- A source of gratification
- Adaptive
- A distinctive way of life of a group of people
- Material and non-material
- Has sanctions and controls
- Stable yet dynamic
- An established pattern of behavior
7
Q
COC:
Not genetically transmitted. But learned through experience, education and training
A
Culture is learned
8
Q
COC:
Culture is transmitted from one generation to another through the medium of language
A
Socially transmitted through language
9
Q
Mediums of language
A
🔹Verbal
🔹Nonverbal
🔹Orally
🔹Writing
10
Q
COC:
The product of social interaction, mutual inter stimulation and response of people with one another
A
Culture is a social product
11
Q
COC1:
The patterns for behavior, learned ways of doing things which have become stable, and the material products of such interactions developed culture
A
Culture as a social product
12
Q
COC:
Provides satisfaction of man’a varied psychological, physiological, social emotional, spiritual being
A
Culure as a source of gratification
13
Q
COC:
Through discoveries, man has been able to overcome his limitations to outdo other animals
A
Culture is adaptive
14
Q
COC:
Developed their way of life that suits their needs and particular situation
A
Culture is a distinctive way of life of a group of people
15
Q
Such culture is different from one society to another
A
Cultural diversity
16
Q
COC:
Buildings, machines
A
Material
17
Q
COC:
Knowledge, skills
A
Non-material
18
Q
COC:
Has rewards for conformity to culture but there are also punishments for deviations or violations of the culture
A
Culture has sanctions and controls
19
Q
COC:
Culture is preserved and accumulated. Culture continually changes and grows and accumulates with the passing of time
A
Culture is stable and dynamic
20
Q
COC:
Members act in a fairly uniform manner because they share mutual beliefs
A
Cultue is an established pattern of behavior.
21
Q
4 Components kf Culture
A
🔹Norms
🔹Ideas, Beliefs, Values
🔹Material Culture
🔹Symbols
22
Q
guidelines people are supposed to follow in their relation with one another
A
Norms
23
Q
Shared rules that specify what is right or wrong
A
Norms
24
Q
Indicate standard of propriety, morality, legality, and ethics of society that are covered by sanctions when violatons are made
A
Norms
25
Everyday habits, customs, traditions, conventions people obey without giving much thought to the matter
Folkways
26
General customary/habitual ways and patterns of doing things which do not have have particular moral and ethical significance
Folkways
27
Considered vital to their well being and most cherished values
Mores
28
Special customs with moral and ethical significance, which are strongly held and emphasized
Mores
29
Society's codes of ethics, moral commandments, and standards of morality
Mores
30
Positive mores
Duty
31
Thou shall behavior
Duty
32
Must and put to be done because they are ethically and morally good
Duty
33
Negative mores
Taboo
34
Thou shall not behavior
Taboo
35
Social prohibitions because they are not only illegal but also unethical and immoral
Taboo
36
People who violate mores are labeled and may be
as deviants and unfit for society,
| May be ostracised, beaten, punished, imprisoned, incarcerated, rehabilitated, exiled or executed
37
Formalized norms enacted by people vested with legitimate authority
Law
38
Sanctions are socially imposed rewards and punishments that compel people to obey norms
Laws
39
3 Types of norms
🔹Folkways
🔹Mores
🔹Laws
40
Non/material aspects of culture and embody man's conception of his physical social and cultural world
Ideas
41
A person's conviction about a certain idea
Belief
42
Embodies the people's perception of reality and includes their primitive ideas of the universe as well as the scientists' empirical view of the world
Beliefs
43
Abstract concepts of what is important and worthwhile
Values
44
General ideas that individuals share about what is good or bad, right or wrong
Values
45
He identified 15 major value orientation of wit
Robin Williams
46
Concrete and tangible objects produced and used by men to satisfy his varies needs and wants
Material culture
47
Simple man-made tools and objects that represent evidence of an ancient culture
Artifacts
48
According to them: "An ordinary piece i
of ground is nothing on the view point of culture, but it has become a burial ground, a factory site, a football field, then it has become part of culture."
Ludenberg and Larcen
49
An object, gesture, sound, color or design that represents something "other than itself"
Symbol
50
Different viewpoint/Perspective of Culture
```
🔹Cultural Relativism
🔹Culture Shock
🔹Ethnocentrism
🔹Xenocentrism
🔹Noble Savage Mentality
🔹Subculture
🔹Counterculture or Contra culture
🔹Culture lag
```
51
"Cultures differ, so that a cultural trait, act or idea has no meaning or function by itself but has a meaning only within its cultural setting"
Horton and Hunt, Cultural relativism
52
Feeling of disbelief, disorganisation, and frustration one experiences when he encounters cultural patterns or practices which are different from his
Culture shock
53
"Disruption with an unfamiliar or alien culture"
Culture shock, David and Julia Jay
54
Tendency to see the behaviors, beliefs, values and norms of one's own group as the only right way of living and to judge others by those standard
Ethnocentrism
55
The feeling of superiority of one's own culture and to consider other cultures as inferior, wrong, strange and queer
Ethnocentrism
56
What is foreign is best and one's own lifestyle, products or ideas are inferior to those of others
Xenocentrism
57
Colonial mentality
Xenocentrism
58
The culture and way of life of the primitives or simple culture are better, more acceptable, and more orderly
Noble savage mentality
59
Smaller groups which develop norms, values beliefs, and the conventional standards of the dominant culture
Subculture
60
Subgroups whose standards come in conflict with and oppose the conventional standards of the dominant culture
Counterculture or contra culture
61
The gap between the material and non-material culture
Culture lag
62
8 other symbolic use of culture
```
🔹Culture of Poverty
🔹Culture of Opulence
🔹Culture of Corruption
🔹Culture of Silence or sabotage
🔹Pop Culture
🔹Culture of Apathy
🔹Culture of Conspicuous Consumption
🔹Culture of Exploitation and Dehumanization
```
63
Learned ways of life of the poor, a vicious cycle of deprivation and want transmitted from one generation to another
Culture of Poverty
64
Ways of life of the rich and famous in their world of glitz and glamour
Culture of Opulence
65
Established patterns of illegally amassing wealth obtaining power or concessions in the government or private office
Culture of corruption
66
Individual or group attitude to keep silent as a resigned response to authority
Culture of silence or sabotage
67
Popular ways, practices, and interests of contemporary society
Pop culture
68
Prevalent inaction, indifference, lack of emotion and interest of the people in regard to the issues and concerns which needed attention and resolutions
Culture of apathy
69
Ways and practices of the super rich in buying goods and obtaining services in excess of what they can actually consume
Culture of conspicuous consumption
70
Socially entrenched pattern of abusive and exploitive practices by the moneyed and power wielding members of the society against the culturally deprived and materially disadvantaged group of the society
Culture of exploitation and dehumanization
71
5 causes of cultural change
```
🔹Discovery
🔹Inventions
🔹Diffusion
🔹Colonization (Imperialism)
🔹Rebellion and Revolutionary Movement
```
72
Culture is not ------
Static
73
While culture is preserved, it is also
Changing
74
Refers to the process of finding a new place or an object, artifact on anything previously existed
Discovery
75
Creative mental process of devising, creating and producing something new, novel or original
Invention
76
Spread of cultural traits or social practices from a society or group to another belonging to the same society or to another through direct contact with each other and exposure to new forms
Difussion
77
Mode of diffusion through trade and commerce, conquest and colonization
Direct contact
78
4 social processes of diffusion
🔹Acculturation
🔹Assimilation
🔹Amalgamation
🔹Enclulturation
79
Cultural borrowing and imitation
Acculturation
80
Blending or fusion of two distinct cultures through long periods of interactions
Assimilation
81
Biological or hereditary fusion of members of different societies
Amalgamation
82
Enculturation
Deliberate infusion of a new culture to another
83
Aka Imperialism
Colonization
84
Political, social and political policy if establishing a colony which would subject to the rule of governance of the colonising state
Colonization
85
More technology advanced countries dominate a less developed state
Neo-colonialism or economic imperialism
86
Aim to change the whole social order and replace the leadership
Rebellion and revolutionary movement
87
Aka nature of cultural similarity
Universal patterns of culture
88
Broad areas pf social living found in all societies
Universal patterns of culture
89
Features and elements common to all cultures rather than to the specific cultural traits
Universal patterns of culture
90
He identifies 11 broad areas of social life which constitute the universal pattern of science
Wissler
91
11 broad areas of social life
```
🔹Language or speech
🔹Material traits
🔹Art
🔹Mythology
🔹Scientific knowledge
🔹Religious Practice
🔹Family
🔹Social Systems
🔹Property
🔹Government
🔹War
```
92
3 Basic Schemes for Comparative Studies of Culture
🔹Comparative Techniques
🔹Study of Specific Differences in society which are basically similar
🔹The approach centering on specific similarities among societies
93
Analyzing differences among different categories or groups within a society in a given historical period, studying subcultural norms, values, and behavior patterns which belong to this area
Comparative technique
94
6 Factors that account for the development of culture
```
🔹Human biological needs and drives
🔹Psychological processes
🔹Man's highly developed nervous systems
🔹Man's highly developed vocal apparatus
🔹Man's upright posture
🔹Physical and Social Environment
```
95
Bodily lack or deprivation without which the human body stands to perish
Need
96
Inner force or tension which impels a person to do something to satisfy the need and restore internal balance or equilibrium
Drive
97
Totality and integration of an individual's mental and thought processes, such as cognition, perception, memory, emotions and other thinking processes
Psychological processes
98
More developed and complex nervous system than other animals
Man's highly developed nervous system
99
This difference enables man with a superior intelligence necessary for effective adaptation to his environment and the resolution of the problems of existence
Man's highly developed nervous system
100
Man is endowed with a highly complex vocal apparatus for effective speech or language
Man's highly developed vocal apparatus
101
Indispensable factor in the development and transmission of culture
Language
102
Allows for the freedom of the arms and hands to be used for more creative and manipulative activities
Man's upright posture
103
Conditions man to limit his choices on the available resources found in this immediate environment
Physical or natural environment
104
Composed of people around him and the patterns and quality of social interactions taking place provide him with the necessary socialization for his effective participation in the society
Social environment
105
4 Factors that account for diversities or differences in culture
🔹Cultural Variability
🔹Cultural Relativity
🔹Environmental differences
🔹Human Ingenuity and ability to absorb and expand new cultures
106
People devise different solutions to the problems of existence
Cultural variability
107
Due to differences in beliefs, values, norms and standard
Cultural relativity
108
Standards of behavior must be understood within a society's cultural context
Cultural relativity
109
People live in different kinds of environment
Environment differences
110
Huxley: 3 Factors that give rise to cultural differences
🔹the kind of one's environment
🔹the available human and natural resources
🔹the extent of exposure to other people
111
Some people appear to be more adaptive, integrative creative and responsive to their natural and social environment
Human ingenuity and ability to absorb and expand new culture
112
Societies may possess different culture but there are common elements in culture which are considered
Universal patterns
113
"_______ is the totality earned, socially transmitted behavior." -______
Culture
