Chapter 4/5 - The Building Blocks Flashcards
1
Q
Living organisms build long chains of structures called
A
Macromolecules
2
Q
What four categories can macromolecules be divided into
A
- Carbohydrates
- Nucleic Acids
- Proteins
- Lipids
3
Q
Basic chemical building blocks from which all organisms are composed
A
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates /nucleic acid’s: proteins /and lipids
4
Q
Macromolecules are built around
A
Carbon Atoms
5
Q
What can carbon carbon atoms bound too
A
H, N, O, S, P
Oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, hydrogen
6
Q
Molecules containing carbon have very diverse structures and can form
A
Chains, balls, branches, rings, tubes, and coils
****Because carbon atoms can form of too for covalent bonds
7
Q
Molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen are called
A
hydrocarbons
8
Q
True or false
Carbon and hydrogen atoms have very similar electronegativities
A
True
Electrons in C—C and C—H are evenly distributed.
Hydrocarbons are nonpolar
9
Q
A molecular group attached to a hydrocarbon that confers chemical properties or reactivities
A
Functional group
10
Q
1) —OH
2) O=C
3) O=C; —OH
4) N—H; N—H
5) O=P; O—P; P—O- ; P—O-,
6) H—C; C—H; C—H
These are all examples of
A
Functional groups
11
Q
Molecules with the same empirical or molecular formula that can exist in different forms
A
Isomers
12
Q
What is significant about structural isomers
A
Carbon molecules are structurally arranged in a different way
13
Q
Stereo isomer
A
Molecules differing in there spatial arrangement of their atoms
Same carbon skeleton would differ and how the groups attached to the skeleton are arranged in space
14
Q
Name one type a stereoisomer with a chiral or mirror image
A
Enantiomers
15
Q
What enantiomer to biological systems use?
A
D-sugars, L-amino acids
D= rotate right
L= rotate left or lower
16
Q
How many enantiomers do biological systems use
A
1
17
Q
A molecule that has mirror image versions is called
A
A chiral molecule
**Exist when carbon is bound to four different molecules
18
Q
Monomer
A
The most basic and simple list molecule
19
Q
Monomers join other monomers with similar subunits to form
A
Polymers
20
Q
What must occur to FORM a polymer from a monomer
A
Dehydration reaction
21
Q
A type of chemical reaction in which two molecules join to form one larger molecule, simultaneously splitting out a molecule of water
A
Dehydration reaction
22
Q
What must occur to BREAK a polymer to FORM monomers
A
Hydrolysis reaction
Add H2O
Provide electrons
Polymer breaks into monomer
23
Q
Carbohydrates contain 1)___________ , 2)____________, and 3)_____________ in the molar ratio 4)_____, 5)_____, 6______
A
Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the molar ratio 1 : 2 : 1
24
Q
Is the empirical formula for carbohydrates?
A
(CH2O)n
N= # of C atoms
25
In a chain of carbons, anytime we oxidize CH from the chain of carbons energy is
Released
26
True or false
Carbs are well-suited for energy storage
True
27
In a monosaccharide the 6C molecule is the FORM used for
Energy storage
28
In a monosaccharide the # of C atoms range from
3-6
29
Name all 6- carbon sugars
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
30
Glucose is an important 6C sugar used for
Energy storage
31
What is the empirical formula for 6C sugar
C6 H12 C6
Or
(CH2O)6
32
True or false
6C sugars generally form a coil structure
False
6C sugars generally form a ring structure
33
What type of isomer are glucose, fructose, and galactose?
Structural isomers
34
What sugar can exist as a structural or stereoisomer?
6C sugars
***Fructose, glucose, galactose
35
True or false
Complex carbs are broken down into glucose
True
36
Name two types of glucose that glucose can form
Alpha glucose
Beta glucose
****They differ in placement of OH, thus being stereoisomers
37
Serves as a transport molecule in plants and provides nutrition in animals
Disaccharide
38
Glucose is stored as a
Disaccharide
39
Why is glucose stored as a disaccharide
Because enzymes used in metabolism of glucose cannot be used on disaccharides. Enzymes won't recognize the disaccharide, the binding site is just for monosaccharides.
40
Two monosaccharides linked together via dehydration reaction
Disaccharides
41
Glucose + fructose =
Sucrose
****The form most plants use to transport glucose and is the sugar that most humans and other animals eat
42
Glucose + Glucose =
Maltose
43
Glucose + Galactose =
Lactose
****milk sugar
**** can result in lactose intolerance in humans, because humans often have greatly reduce levels of lactase (enzyme)
****Primary energy source for offspring in mammals
44
More than two monosaccharides linked together via dehydration reactions
Polysaccharide
45
What forms our complex carbohydrate
Polysaccharides
46
Starch
Consist of a very long chains of alpha glucose
Bonded by oxygen after the hydration reaction has occurred
A storage polysaccharide
47
Can humans digest cellulose?
No
48
Cellulose
A structural polysaccharide
Contains a long chain of beta glucose connected via C1 and C4
49
What type of linkages the starch have
a linkages
****because it is built from a glucose
50
What type of linkages does cellulose have
B linkages
****because it is built from b glucose
51
And cellulose be glucose is connected via
C1 and C4
52
Outer layer in plants or makes up tough fibers in plants, used for structural support
Cellulose
53
Starches simplest structure is called
Amylose
54
Amylose
Long simple chain of a glucose
each linkage occurs between C1 and C4 (where dehydration reaction occurs)
As chain gets longer it will form a curl
**** called a -(1--->4) linkages
Unbranched polysaccharide
55
Amylopectin
Found in plants
Branched polysaccharide, forms simple branch
Branching occurs due to bonds between a-glucose at C1 of one molecule and C6 of another molecule
56
Where do plants destroy glucose?
Amylopectin
Or
Amylose
57
Glycogen
Where animals store sugars
C1-C4 , C1-C6 linkages
Forms long chains that are curled
Forms branching at C1-C6
More branched than amylopectin
58
True or False
A-glucose is what humans use?
True
59
Makes up outer shell of Arthropods, crabs, and insects
Chitin
60
What is chitin made of?
N- acetylglucosamine (version of glucose)
61
Sequence that carries information in living organisms/ forms polymers DNA and RNA
Nucleic acid's
62
Two main varieties of nucleic acids are
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Ribonucleic acid
63
Stores genetic information
DNA
64
Short-lived or temporary copies of DNA used to synthesize proteins
RNA
65
During cell division and reproduction genetic information can be preserved because
Nucleic acid's in the form of DNA can produce exact copies of themselves
66
Nucleic acid's are long polymers of repeating subunits called
Nucleotides
67
Nucleotides consist of three components which are
1. Pentose (5-C sugar)
- ribose in RNA /OH group
- deoxyribose in DNA / H group
2. Phosphate
- coming off 4 carbon
3. Organic Nitrogenous Base
- coming off 1C
68
How do nucleotides form together to form a strand of RNA or one side of the DNA strand
Phosphodiester bonds
69
3C hydroxyl will form with what to create a phosphodiester bond?
5C phosphate
*****process will continue until there is a nice long strand of DNA or RNA
70
A nucleotide chain formed from joining phosphate (coming off 5C) with hydroxyl (coming off 3C) group on sugar ring
Phosphodiester bonds
71
Nucleotides, to their phosphodiester bonds will form
Nucleic acid's
72
How do you number of carbons?
1' , 2', 3'
#+'(prime)
73
Phosphate is found it coming off
5' carbon
74
Hydroxyl is found coming off at
3' carbon
75
How do you read a chain of nucleic acid's?
From 5' —> 3'
***Because 5' of phosphate bonds to 3' Hydroxyl group
76
True or false
Chains form from 5' to 3'
True
77
Name five types of nucleotides
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
78
Based on the five types of nucleotides which are considered Purines?
Adenine
Guanine
79
Based on the five type of nucleotides which are considered Pyrimidines?
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
80
Which nucleotides are found in RNA
A, G, C, U
81
Which nucleotides are found in DNA
A, G, T, C
82
True or false
Uracil is found in DNA
False
Found only in RNA
83
Thymine is found only in
DNA
84
Encodes amino acid sequence to build proteins
DNA sequence
85
Too long chains of DNA form a
Double helix structure
86
Form from hydrogen bonds between opposite nitrogenous bases
Double helix DNA
87
Complementary base pairing for DNA
T pairs w/ A
C pairs w/ G
88
Complementary base pairing for RNA
A-U
C-G
89
Transcription
Copying of DNA to form mRNA
Transcribing from DNA the message. The message will be used to make proteins.
90
RNA is produced by
Transcription, or copying of DNA
91
Single-stranded
RNA
92
Energy currency of the cell, or living things
Stores energy
ATP
****Adenine attached to phosphate groups
93
NAD+
FAD
Electron carriers used to build ATP
94
Linear polymers composed of 20 amino acids
Proteins
95
What two groups are amino acid is composed of
Amino group -NH2
Carboxy group -COOH
96
How many amino acids do humans use to build proteins
20
97
An enantiomer is found in how many of the 20 amino acids humans use to make proteins
All amino acids
| - Living organisms use L-amino acids
98
Nonpolar amino acids R group contain
CH2 or CH3
99
Polar uncharged amino acids have R groups that contain
O or (OH)
100
Charged amino acids have R groups that contain
Acids or bases that can ionize
101
Aromatic amino acids have R groups that contain
an organic (carbon) ring with alternating single and double bonds
Are Nonpolar
102
What are the special amino acids and describe their functions
Serve very specific function
1) methionine - generally the first amino acid you will find in a chain
2) proline - if found in a chain of amino acids, will cause a kink or turn
3) cystine - if found in a chain of amino acids and if there in close proximity, they(cystine), will form a disulfide bond; which links chains together.
103
When ionized, the backbone of amino acids become
Charged
104
The amino and carboxyl groups on a pair of amino acids can undergo dehydration reaction to form
A covalent bond
105
Carbon + nitrogen = what type of bond
Covalent bond
106
Amino Acid + Amino Acid=
Dipeptide
107
One or more long unbranched chains of amino acids will form
Proteins
108
Joined amino acid chain linked by peptide bonds
Polypeptide
109
Polypeptides fold to form
Proteins
110
When the amino end of one amino acid joins to the carboxyl end of another, what forms
Peptide bond
111
Does the shape of a protein determine its function?
Yes
112
True or False
Proteins do not have specific amino acid sequences
Each protein has a specific amino acid sequence
113
Protein shape can be determined using
X-rays, that will produce a diffraction pattern of protein crystals
114
X-rays that produce a diffraction pattern of protein crystals are used to
Determine the shape of proteins
115
Studies of proteins determine what type of patterns
In a protein, essentially all internal amino acids are nonpolar
Meanwhile, polar amino acids are found on the exteriors of proteins
116
How do bonds within proteins between amino acids interact
Interact to stabilize folded protein
```
Hydrogen bond
Disulfide bond
Ionic bond
van der Waals attraction
Hydrophobic exclusion
```
117
What are the 4 tiers of protein structure
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
118
The specific amino acid sequence of a protein, or a single amino acid chain
Primary protein
119
Secondary protein
Amino acid chain can curl and form a-helices or turn and form b-chains
120
Tertiary Protein
Final folding of protein into a more globular structure
121
Quaternary Protien
2 or more polypeptide chains(of tertiary structure) combine to form functional protein
122
In a protein, Hydrogen bonding interactions between CO and NH groups of the primary structure
Secondary structure
123
Alpha (a) helix
Form of secondary structure in protein where a polypeptide chain is wound into a spiral due to interactions between amino and carboxyl groups
124
B sheet
Form of secondary structure in proteins where the polypeptide falls back on itself one or more times to form a planar structure, stabilized by hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups
125
Motifs (super secondary structure)
A structural feature of a protein that is conserved for function
126
B-a-B motif
Create a fold or crease at the core of nucleotide binding sites in a wide variety of proteins
Found in proteins with nucleotide binding sites
127
If a proteins environment is altered, the protein may change its shape or even unfold completely , this process is called
Denaturation
128
When can proteins be denatured
When pH, temperature, or ionic concentration of the surrounding solution changes
129
To a helices separated by a bend
Used by proteins to bind to DNA helix
Helix- turn- helix
130
Domain
A region of a protein that serves a particular function in the action of the protein
131
Domains are made of
Motifs
132
What connects the domains of a protein
A single polypeptide chain
133
Chaperone protein
A class of enzymes that help proteins fold into the correct configuration and can re-fold proteins that have been misfolded or denatured
Helps other proteins to fold correctly
Helper protein
Improper folding can cause disease
134
If a protein is denatured can it still function
No
135
Acids denature proteins that function at PH___
7
136
True or False
High temperatures break bonds and denature proteins
True
137
Fats, oils, waxes, steroids, phospholipids, and carotenoids are examples of
Nonpolar organic molecules
138
Has high proportion of nonpolar carbon-hydrogen bonds
Lipids
139
Are lipids soluble in water?
No. Insoluble
140
What do non-polar lipids do in water?
Cluster together
Expose what polar groups they have to the surrounding water
141
Long chain hydrocarbons with a carboxylic acid (COOH)
Fatty acids
142
Because it contains three fatty acid's, a fat molecule is commonly called a
Triglyceride
143
Long carbon chains called fatty acids
Fats
144
Three fatty acid chains attached to each carbon and glyceride
Triglyceride
145
In what type of chain are carbons double bonded to carbons
Unsaturated fatty acid chain
146
In what type of chain are carbons bonded to other carbons
Saturated fatty acid chain
147
True or false
Triglycerides differ in length of carbons and and bonds between carbon's
True
148
Attached to glycerol backbone
3C Chain with OH
Lipids
149
Monounsaturated fatty acid
Cs are double bonded to only one C
150
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
More than one double bonded C
151
Are fats produced by animals saturated or unsaturated?
Saturated
152
Are fats produced by plants saturated or unsaturated?
Unsaturated (healthy)
153
True or False
C–H bonds in fats contain high energy due to the numerous amount of Cs in each chain
True
154
Terpenes (lipid)
Backbone of many pigments
155
Steroids (lipids)
Hormones in multicellular animals (testosterone, estrogen)
Composed of 4 carbon rings
Most animal cell membranes contain the steroid cholesterol
156
Fats contain over 40 carbon atoms, are they a good source of energy?
Yes. Have a lot of Carbon
157
What do phospholipids form?
They form cell membranes (the core of all biological membranes)
158
What are the three subunits of a phospholipid?
Glycerol - 3 carbon alcohol, backbone of phospholipid molecule
Fatty acids - CH2 groups, ending in COOH. 2 fatty acids are attached to the glycerol backbone in phospholipid molecule.
A phosphate group - attached to one end of of the glycerol. Usually has charged organic molecule linked to it
159
Head of a phospholipid molecule is_____________ and the tail is___________
Polar
Very nonpolar
160
Is phosphate polar?
Yes
161
Phospholipid consists of
2 Fatty acid chains (nonpolar) + 1 phosphate(polar) attached to glycerol (the backbone) , and a polar head of
162
Putting 2 phospholipids together creates a __________ which consists of ____________ heads and _____________ fatty acid tails.
Bilayer
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
163
When placed in water phospholipids automatically form
Micelles, or a lipid bilayer
164
In a phospholipid, polar hydrophilic heads include
Phosphate
Glycerol
Fatty acid(CH2) ; Ex: Choline
165
Nonpolar hydrophobic tail in a phospholipid
Fatty acid chain
166
Protein that contains two regions made of beta sheets connected by an alpha helix. This type of structure can be found in proteins with very different functions called
Motifs
167
Motifs
Supersecondary structure
Similar proteins
B-a-b motif= creates fold or crease , rossmann fold
B- barel = b sheet folded around to form a tube
Helix turn helix = 2 a helicesseperated by bend , proteins use it to bind to DNA double helix
168
Enzymes have optimum temperature where it functions best
True
169
Carbon atoms form the framework of biological molecules
True
170
Fats
Oil
Terpenes
All are lipids
171
Interactions that maintain 3 dimensional shape of protein are distrusted so that the polypeptide chains completely unfold, how is this protein described
Denatured
172
2 classes of nucleic acids
DNA
RNA
173
Peptide bond formed btw
Amino group
Carboxyl group
174
During protein synthesis, amino acids are linked tg via
Dehydration reaction
175
___________Refers to single long chain of amino acids , while a _____________ can be composed of one or more long amino acid chain
Polypeptide
Protein
176
Structure of ____________ is usually discussed in terms of a hierarchy of 4 level
Proteins
177
Amino acid sequences of polypeptides is called
Primary structure
178
Secondary structure maintained by
Hydrogen bonds
179
Protein final structure regions shaped like
A helix
B pleated sheet
180
Helps determine protein tertiary structure
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrophobic exclusion
Disulfide bridges
Ionic bonds
181
Disease caused by the improper folding of proteins may be due to
Chaperone protein
182
Protein spontaneously refolds to natural shape
Renaturation
183
Dissociation
Individual subunits making up protein quaternary structure separate
184
General term for carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides
Disaccharides
