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Bio Exam 2 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Theory

A

Developed in the 19th century recognizes this basic fact about life it was the first unifying principle of biology has three critical components, cells are the fundamental units of life, all living organisms are composed of cells. All cells come from pre-existing cells. two important conceptual implications studying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying life, and life is continuous

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2
Q

Surface area to volume ratio

A

Small cell size is a particle necessity rising from the decrease in the surface area to volume ratio of any object has it increases in size. As an object Chris is in volume, it’s surface area also increases, but not as quickly to see if you can reasons for this is, the volume of the cell determines the amount of metabolic activity at carries out for unit time, the surface area of a cell determines the amount of substance that can enter it from the outside environment and the amount of waste products that exit the environment

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3
Q

The volume of the cell determines

A

The amount of metabolic activity it carries out per unit of time call

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4
Q

The surface area of a cell determines

A

The amount of substance that can enter it from the outside environment and the amount of waste products can exit the environment call

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5
Q

As a living cell grows larger it’s

A

It’s metabolic activity and thoughts it’s new for resources and straightaways production increases faster than the surface area call my sources must move from one location to another within the cell smaller so the more easily it’s accomplished call

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6
Q

Cell membrane

A

A key to the origin of cells was the enclosure of a biochemical function within a membrane. Cell membranes consist of a phospholipid belayer with proteins. cell membrane is selectively permeable barrier, used for communicating, binding and adhering to adjacent cells

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7
Q

Selectively permeable barrier

A

Prevents some substances from crossing it well permitting others houses to enter and leave the cell call my it allows us out to maintain a stable internal environment that is distinct from the surrounding environment

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8
Q

Communicating

A

Call the sellers boundary of what the outside environment the cell membrane is important communicating with adjacent cells and receiving signals from the environment

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9
Q

Binding and adhering

A

Membranes have proteins protruding from it that are responsible for bonding in the hearing to adjacent cells to a surface. Thus the membrane plays an important structural role and contribute to cell shape

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10
Q

Three domains biologist classify all living things into

A

Archae, bacteria, and Eukarya

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11
Q

Prokaryotes

A

The organisms in Archae and bacteria, Because they have in common a prokaryotic cellular organization. A prokaryotic cell typically does not have membrane enclosed internal compartments in particular it does not have a nucleus.

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12
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Eukarya, which includes the protists, have diverse group of micro organisms, plants,fungi and animals.compared to prokaryotes, eukaryotes contain membrane enclosed compartments called organelles were specific metabolic functions occur. Most notable of these is the cell nucleus, were most of the cells DNA is located also where Gene expression begins

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13
Q

Organelles

A

found only in eukaryotic cells and are absent from the cells of prokaryotes such as bacteria. The nucleus, the mitochondrion, the chloroplast, the Golgi apparatus, the lysosome, and the endoplasmic reticulum are all examples of organelles.

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14
Q

Nucleus

A

Where most of the cells DNA is located and where Gene expression begins

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15
Q

What are the three components of Cell theory

A

Cells are the fundamental units of life, all living organisms are composed of cells, all cells come from pre-existing cells

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16
Q

What are two important conceptual implications of the cell theory

A

Starting cell biology is in some sense the same as studying life., Life is continuous

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17
Q

Why is the enclosure of content provided by the cell so important for life

A

The enclosure of contents in a cell transform matter and energy to respond to their environment and to reproduce these biological processes were not be possible outside the closure of the cell because will be very unlikely for all the components to be by each other and work correctly. It allowed bio chemical functions with in the membrane is just a phospholipid Byler for proteins

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18
Q

Why are most cells small

A

Cells are small because as living cells grow larger, it’s metabolic activity, and its need for resources and it’s waste production increases faster than its surface area. The smaller the cell of the more easy substances move around

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19
Q

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic

A

Prokaryotes (archae, Bacteria) typically does not have membrane enclosed internal compartments in particular no nucleus, eukaryotic cells (animal, protists, plants, fungi) contain membrane closed apartments code organelles where are metabolic functions like her that’s edible is the nucleus where the cells DNA is located in gene expression begins

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20
Q

Division of labor

A

Provides possibility for regulation and efficiency that were important in the evolution of complex organisms

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21
Q

All prokaryotes have the same basic structures which are:

A

Are enclosed in a cell membrane, have DNA located in the nucleotide region, cytoplasm which consist of cytosol and Ribosomes

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22
Q

Nucleoid

A

A region in the cell where the DNA is located DNA is the hereditary material that controls cell growth maintenance and reproduction

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23
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The rest of the material inside the cell, the cytoplasm consist of a liquid component, the cytosol in a variety of infallible filaments and particle is the most abundant are ribosomes

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24
Q

Cytosol

A

Consist mostly of water containing dissolved ions, small molecules, and soluble macromolecules such as proteins

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25
Ribosomes
Are complexes of RNA and proteins. They are the sites of protein synthesis, where the information coded by the nucleic acids directs the sequential linking of amino acids to form proteins
26
Most prokaryotes have a cell wall
Cell wall is located outside the cell membrane. So what was the most bacteria but not those of Arcadia contain peptidoglycan.
27
Capsule
Some bacteria have a slimy where composed mostly of polysaccharides a.k.a. a capsule capsule protect the bacteria from attacked by white blood cells in the envelopes they infect. Capsules also help keep the cell from drying out and sometimes they help bacteria attached to other cells. Many pro Carriott's produce oh and those that do have capsules can survive even if they lose it
28
What are specialized features found in some prokaryotes
Some prokaryotes have cell walls, internal membranes but not membrane bound, flagella, and a cytoskeleton
29
Bacteria cell walls contain what
Peptidoglycans
30
Some bacteria have any additional outer membrane that is
Very permeable
31
Capsules
Some bacteria have a slimy layer of polysaccharides
32
Some bacteria including Cyanobacteria have internal membrane system that contains
Molecules needed for photosynthesis
33
Flagella
Made of the protein Flagellin, it's a motor protein anchored to the cell membrane or outer membrane spins each flagellum and drives the cell
34
Cytoskeleton
Some rod shaped bacteria have a network of helical actin-like protein structures to help maintain their shape
35
Eukaryotic cells
Have a cell membrane,cytoplasm, and Robin zones, as well as membrane enclosed compartments called organelles each organelle plays a specific Rule in the cell.
36
Mitochondria
The cells energy source (powerhouse) .Most energy is released by respiration here. produces energy through cellular respiration
37
Cytoskeleton
Composed of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments support the cell and is involved in cell and organelle movement supports structure and helps move synthesized proteins
38
Nucleus
The site of cellular DNA which with associated proteins, comprises chromatin. information center of the cell
39
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
The site of much protein synthesis, which occurs on Ribosomes on its surface. transport and storage
40
Cell membrane
Separates the cell from its environment and regulates traffic of materials into and out of the cell
41
Centrioles
Or associated with nuclear division information of Cilia. cellular division and cellular reproduction
42
ribosomes
Assemble and create proteins
43
Cell wall
Supports the plant cell
44
Peroxisomes
Breakdown toxic peroxides
45
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Where Proteins and other molecules are chemically modified. Creates lipids are fat
46
Golgi apparatus
Processes and packages proteins.synthesis, packages and releases concentrate proteins or lipids.
47
Chloroplast
Harvest energy of sunlight to produce sugar. Creates glucose
48
Golgi body
Protein or lipid enters the cytoplasm
49
Glycoprotein
Short sugar chains attached to proteins
50
Glycolipids
Lip it's attached to proteins
51
Cilia
Hairlike structures that moves cells
52
Nuclear envelope
Surrounds the nucleus
53
Microtubules
Provide internal support
54
Nucleolus
Site of ribosome synthesis
55
Vacuole
a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a plant cell normally, its enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid, or other waste products or defense mechanisms. It adds support and shape to plant cells
56
Ribosomes
Translate the nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA molecule into a polypeptide. Occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and consist of one large and one small subunit. Each subunit consist of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) bound to smaller protein molecules. Rubber zones are not membrane bound organelles. In eukaryotes they are free in the cytoplasm attached to the ER or inside the mitochondria, rough ER, chloroplasts, . In prokaryotes ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm.
57
The nucleus have several important functions
Location of DNA and DNA replication, site where DNA is transcribed to RNA, contains the nucleolus where Assembly of ribosomes from RNA and protein begin. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope, has nuclear pores, chromatin, and chromosomes.
58
Nuclear envelope
Forms two membranes around nucleus
59
Nuclear pores
In the envelope controlled movement of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm
60
In the nucleus, DNA combined with proteins to form
Chromatin(DNA protein complexes)in long, thin threads called chromosomes
61
The outer membrane of the envelope is continuous with the
Endoplasmic reticulum
62
Endomembrane system
The interconnected system of membranes enclosed compartment which include the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum(smooth and rough), Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes(primary and secondary)
63
Vesicles
Tiny membrane surrounded droplets that shuttle substances between the various components of the Endomembrane system as well as the cell membrane
64
Endoplasmic reticulum, (ER)
Network of interconnected membranes in the cytoplasm with a large surface area.there are two types rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
65
Chromatin
is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
66
Chromosomes
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
67
Rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER)
Called rough because of the many ribosomes attached to the outer surface of the membrane, giving it a rough appearance robins are not permanently attached to rough ER but become attached when they begin synthesizing proteins distance needed for modification with the rough ER
68
How does rough ER work
A protein enters the rough ER only if it contain specific short sequence of amino acids that signals Robbins too attached to the rough ER, once inside the rough ER proteins are chemically modified to induce there three dimensional function shape and to chemically tag them for delivery to Specific cellular destinations, The rough ER participates in transporting these proteins to other locations in the cell. The proteins are transported in vesicles a pinch off from the ER. All secreted proteins passed through the rough ER, that's membrane-bound proteins are made on the rough ER
69
Polypeptides are transported into the rough ER lumen as
As their being synthesized. In the lumen they are folded into their tertiary structures
70
Glycoproteins
When many proteins are covalently linked to carbohydrate groups, many glycoproteins are in porn and recognition and interaction between cells.
71
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER)
More tubular, no ribozymes. Chemically modified small molecule such as drugs and pesticides, site of glycogen degradation in animal cells, site of synthesis of lipids and steroids, stores calcium ions which trigger many cell responses
72
Golgi apparatus
Flattened sacks (cisternae)and small membrane enclosed vesicles. It receives proteins from the rough ER and can further modify them, concentrates, packages and sorts proteins. As carbohydrates to proteins, site of polysaccharides synthesis for a plant cell walls.
73
Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus has three regions:
Cis region: receives vesicles containing proteins from the ER. Trans region: vesicles but all from the gold you apparatus and travel to the cell membrane or to lysosomes Medial region: between trans and cis regions
74
Lysosomes
an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.
75
Primary lysosome
Originate from the Golgi apparatus. They contain hydrolases which is a digestive enzyme and they are the site where macromolecules-proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acid's and lipids are Hydrolyzed into their monomers. Macromolecules may enter the cell by phagocytosis-part of the cell membrane enclosed the material and phagosome is formed Phagosomes then fuse with primary lysosomes to form secondary lysosomes. Enzymes in the (secondary lysosomes) hydrolyze the food molecules.
76
Phagocytes
Cells specialized to take in materials and break them down
77
Secondary lysosomes
When phagosomes fuses with a primary lysosome in which hydrolysis occurs .A lysosome formed by the combination of a primary lysosome and a phagosome or pinosome and in which lysis takes place through the activity of hydrolytic enzymes.
78
Autophagy
Is the programed destruction of cell components. Cells break down their own materials, and even entire Organelles within lysosomes.
79
Lysosomal storage disease
Occurs when lysosomes fail to digest cell components
80
Mitochondria
Partially digested molecules enter the mitochondrial where chemical energy is converted to energy rich ATP. Primary function is to harvest the chemical energy of those molecules in a form the cell can use namely the energy rich nucleotide ATP.
81
The mitochondrion has two membranes
The outer membrane has large pores and most substances can pass through it. The inner membrane separates the biochemical processes of the mitochondrion from the surrounding cytosol the inner membrane is it extensively folded into structures called Christae and fluid filled regions inside the inner membrane is referred to as the mitochondrial matrix the fluid filled matrix contains many enzymes for energy metabolism, as well as DNA and ribosomes for synthesis hey small proportion of the mitochondrial proteins
82
Plastids
Can differentiate into organelles some are used for storage. They are present in the cells of plants and algae and can divide autonomously they differentiate into organelles and some are used for the storage of pigments, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
83
Chloroplast
Contains chlorophyll side of photosynthesis, photosynthesis converts light every into chemical energy which is an anabolic process. It's an important type of plastic which contains the green pigment chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis photosynthesis in the Annabella process that converts light energy into chemical energy and close within two membranes Corp. last have two membranes plus internal membranes
84
Thylakoids
Chloroplasts that have two membranes plus internal membranes. A series of internal membranes that look like stacks of flat hollow disk each stack is called a granum. What energy is converted to chemical energy on the Fila quite membranes the Aechmea's fluid surrounding the file equator is called the stroma and is there that the carbohydrates are synthesized like the mitochondrial matrix the corpus drama contains ribosomes in DNA
85
Granum
Stack of five liquids; light energy is converted to chemical energy on these membranes
86
Stroma
Aqueous matrix around grana, contains ribosomes in DNA; carbohydrates are synthesized here
87
Chloroplasts
Contains chlorophyll site of photosynthesis.
88
Photosynthesis
Converts light energy into chemical energy anabolic process
89
Chromaplast
Make and store red, yellow, and orange pigments, especially in flowers and fruits
90
Leucoplasts
Store macromolecule such a starch
91
Peroxisomes
Collect and breakdown toxic byproducts of metabolism such as H202 using specialized enzymes
92
Glyoxysomes
Only in plants- lipids are converted to carbohydrates for growth
93
Vacuoles
Occur mainly in plants and fungi have several functions\\ Storage of waste products and toxic compounds some may detear herbivores, structure for plant cells water enters the vacuole by osmosis creating turgor pressure. Reproduction Vacuoles in flowers and fruits contain pigments who's colors attract pollinators and aid see the dispersal, catabolism digestive enzymes in seed vacuoles hydrolyze stored food for early growth
94
Contractile vacuoles
Enlarges as water enters then quickly contracts to force water out through special pores
95
The cytoskeletons function and components
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules. Support and maintain cell shape, holds organelles in position, moves Organelles , involved in cytoplasmic streaming, interact with extracellular structures to anchor cell in place
96
Microfilaments
Smallest. Usually in bundles. Helps a cell or part of a cell to move, determines and stabilizes cell shape, made from Actin monomers that attach to the plus end and detach at the minus end of the filament
97
Dynamic instability
When the filaments can shorten or lengthen it. This allows for a quick assembly or breakdown of the cytoskeleton. In muscle cells, Actin filaments or associated with the motor protein myosin; their interactions result in muscle contraction.The property of dynamic and stability is a hill mark of the cytoskeleton dynamic instability the filaments can shorten mart attachment or lengthen more assembly this allows for a quick simply or breakdown of the size gotten in an intact filament assembly and attachment or an equilibrium they can shorten or lengthen
98
Motor Protein
Any protein that causes movement in a cell. In muscle cells, actin filaments are associated with the motor protein myosin; their interactions result in muscle contractions
99
Intermediate filaments
Medium size At least 50 different kinds and six molecular classes, tough, rope like protein assemblages; more permanent than other filaments and do not show dynamic instability, anchor cell structures in place, resist tension, maintain Rigidity
100
Microtubules
Largest. Thickest cytoskeleton element, forms a rigid internal skeleton for some cells or regions, acts as a framework for motor proteins to move structures in the cell microtubules are made from dimers of the protein tubulin- chains of dimers surround a hollow core. They have plus and minus ends and show dynamic instability, polymerization results in a rigid structure; while depolymerization leads to its collapse.
101
Tubulin
Chains of dimers that surround a hollow core and make up microtubules
102
Polymerization
results in rigid structures
103
Depolymerization
Leads to it's collapse
104
Which filaments displays dynamic instability 2
Microfilaments and microtubules
105
Which filament is used as part of the cilia and flagella structure
Microtubules internally line movable sell at the dentures the cilia and the flagella many eukaryotic cells have one or both of these appendages wish our projections of the cell membrane lined with microtubules and their associated proteins
106
Which filament is used with actin to cause muscle contractions
Microfilaments made of actin and helps cell to move
107
What filament is used to anchor cell structures in place
Intermediate filaments anchor cells in place
108
Which filament is used to move the cell are parts of the cell
Microfilaments
109
What filamen is used as a framework for moving structures and things throughout the cell
Microtubules
110
Cilia
Short usually many present move stiffly to propel itself or move fluid over a stationary cell
111
Flagella
Longer, usually one or two present push or pull cell through water
112
Dynein
Motor protein that can change shape and drives the sliding of doublets
113
Nexin
Protein that cross links doublets and prevents sliding So cilia bend.
114
Kinesin
Motor protein that binds to vesicles in the cell and walks them along the microtubule
115
Extracellular structures
Are secreted to the outside of the cell membrane and in eukaryotes the structures have two components a fibers component is the polysaccharide cellulose. The gel like matrix contains cross-linked polysaccharides and proteins.
116
Two manipulative approaches commonly used in cell biology are
Inhibition, and mutation
117
Two structures of extra cellular structures
A fibrous macromolecule, a gel like a medium in which fibers are embedded
118
Plant cell wall
Semi rigid structure outside the cell membrane has a fibers component in the polysaccharide cellulitis, the gel like matrix contains cross-linked polysaccharides and proteins
119
Three major roles of plant cell walls
Provide support for the sale and limits its volume by remaining rigid, acts as a barrier to infection, contributes to form during growth and development
120
PlasmaDesmonta
Where Adjacent plant cells are connected by a cell membrane line channels. These channels allow movement of water, ions, small molecules, hormones, and some RNA and proteins.
121
Extracellular matrix
Many animal cells are surrounded by this. If I was component is the protein collagen, the gel like matrix consist of proteoglycans
122
Collagen
The fibrous component of protein
123
Proteoglycans
The gel like matrix
124
Extracellular matrix ease and animal cells do what
Hotels together and tissues, contribute to physical properties of Cartlidge, skin, bone, and other tissues
125
Protein such as integrin do what extracellular matrix?
They connect extracellular matrix to the cell membrane, these proteins bind the microfilaments in the cytoplasm and to the collagen fibers and exercise majors, Purcell moment the protein changes shape and detaches from the collagen
126
What is a cell junction
Specialized structures that protrude from adjacent cells and glue them together:
127
What are the three types of cell junctions
Tight Junction, Desmosomes, gap junctions
128
Tight junction
Prevent substances from moving through space between cells. The proteins form a quoted Seo bearing the movement of dissolved materials through the space between epithelial cells
129
Desmosomes
Holds Cells together but allow materials to move in the matrix, link adjacent cells tightly but permit materials to move around them in the intercellular space
130
Gap junctions
Are channels that run between membrane pores in adjacent cells, allowing substances to pass between the cells. Let's adjacent cells communicate
131
Protocells
Says that Excel models, can demonstrate how to sell properties may have originated. Life probably begin with single celled organisms resembling modern bacteria do you sell slack structures

Bio Exam 2 (2 decks)

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