Chapter 4

Question 1

Entropy

Answer 1

Disorder in thermodynamics

Question 2

Endothermic

Answer 2

Refers to the reactions that absorb energy

Question 3

Kinetic energy

Answer 3

The energy of motion

Question 4

Enthalpy

Answer 4

The potential energy in a system

Question 5

Energy

Answer 5

The capacity to do work

Question 6

Thermodynamics

Answer 6

The study of energy flow during chemical and physical reactions

Question 7

Endergonic process

Answer 7

Reaction that can proceed only if free energy is supplied

Question 8

Energy coupling

Answer 8

The process by which ATP is brought in close contact with a reactant molecule involved in an Endergonic reaction, and when ATP is hydrolyzed, the terminal phosphate group transferred to the reactant molecule

Question 9

Catabolic pathway

Answer 9

Type of metabolic pathway in which energy is released by the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler compounds

Question 10

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 10

The principle that energy can be transferred and transformed but cannot be created or destroyed

Question 11

Exothermic

Answer 11

Refers to the processes that release energy

Question 12

Second law of thermodynamics

Answer 12

That any process in which a system changes from an initial to final state, the total disorder of the system and its surroundings always increases

Question 13

Exergonic

Answer 13

Reaction that has a negative ^G because it releases free energy

Question 14

Phosphate group

Answer 14

A group consisting of a central phosphorous atom held in four linkage so: two that bind - OH groups to the central phosphorous atom, a third that binds an oxygen atom to the central phosphorous atom and a fourth that links the phosphate group to an oxygen atom

Question 15

Metabolism

Answer 15

The biochemical reactions that allow a cell or organism to extract energy from its surroundings and use that energy to maintain itself, grow and reproduce

Question 16

Coupled reaction

Answer 16

Reaction that occurs when exergonic reaction is joined to an Endergonic reaction, producing an overall reaction that is exergonic

Question 17

Active site

Answer 17

The region of an enzyme that recognizes and combines with the substrate molecule

Question 18

Monosaccharides

Answer 18

The smallest carbohydrates containing tree to seven atoms

Question 19

Catalyst

Answer 19

Substance with the ability to accelerate a spontaneous reaction without being changed by the reaction

Question 20

Nitrogenous base

Answer 20

A nitrogen containing molecule with the properties of a base

Question 21

Enzyme

Answer 21

Protein that accelerates the rate of a cellular reaction

Question 22

Allosteric activator

Answer 22

Molecule that converts an enzyme with an almost relic site, a regulatory site outside the active site, from the inactive form to the active form

Question 23

Coenzymes

Answer 23

Organic cofactors that include complex chemical groups of various kinds

Question 24

ATP cycle

Answer 24

Continued breakdown and resynthesis of ATP

Question 25

Allosteric site

Answer 25

A regulatory site outside the active site

Question 26

Conformation

Answer 26

The overall three dimensional shape of a protein

Question 27

Anabolic pathway

Answer 27

Type of metabolic pathway in which energy is consumed to build complicated molecules from simple ones; often called a biosynthetic pathway

Question 28

Cofactors

Answer 28

An inorganic or organic non protein group that is necessary for catalysis to take place

Question 29

Allosteric inhibitor

Answer 29

Molecule that converts an enzyme with an allosteric site, a regulatory site outside the active site, from the active for, to the inactive form

Question 30

Competitive inhibition

Answer 30

Inhibition of an enzyme reaction by an inhibitor molecule that resembles the normal substrate closely enough that it fits into the active site of the enzyme

Question 31

Pepsin

Answer 31

An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins

Question 32

Transition state

Answer 32

An intermediate arrangement of atoms and bonds that both the reactants and the products of a reaction can assume

Question 33

Feedback inhibition

Answer 33

In enzyme reaction, regulation in which the product of a reaction acts as a regulator of the reaction. Also referred to as end product inhibition

Question 34

Activation energy

Answer 34

The initial input of energy required to start a reaction