Chapter 4 Flashcards
(30 cards)
Typical rates of growth in early childhood (weight & height)
Height will typically increase 2 to 3 inches per year and the child will gain around 5 pounds per year
Variations and the rates of growth in early childhood( racial and ethnic differences)
African-American children are typically taller, Hispanic American children tend to weigh more on average. Great variation exists
Two forms of malnutrition
1) obesity
2) undernutrition
Rate and size of brain development in early childhood
Rain continues to develop rapidly but not as quickly as during infancy. Interconnections between brain cells increase motor and cognitive abilities, and lateralization. By age 5 the brain is 90% of its adult size
Piaget’s pre-operational stage (2-7 yrs)
Symbolic representation(through play children learn to use symbols & imitation) imitating others ; deferred imitation (what they’ve seen way earlier); engage in imaginary activities; objects have names; egocentrism
Egocentrism
The preoperational child’s difficulty he taking another’s point of view/perspective
STAGE 3 of psychosocial theory,
Initiative vs Guilt (3-6yrs) Exploring environments Family relationships Roles Accept parental limits/discipline Gender identity ( norms/standards/expectations) Peers How to play
STAGE 3 of psychosocial theory
Initiative vs Guilt
positive & negative outcomes
(+) Want to learn Want to participate in activities Enjoy achievement Sense of competency Purpose(individual initiative + Willingness to cooperate with others
(-)
Sense of guilt
Confusion about family roles, gender, and what they see
Self-centered not willing to engage with others
Moral code
Moral compass; knowledge of the communities values and ethnic Norms – ethics
The components of moral development during early childhood
Knowledge: of moral code of the community and how to use that knowledge to make moral judgments
Emotions: that produce both the capacity to care about the other and the capacity to feel guilt and remorse
Actions: to inhibit negative impulses as well as to behave in prosocial, or helpful and emphatic manner
Prosocial behavior
___are those intended to help other people. It is categorized by a concern about the rights, feelings and welfare of other people. Behaviors that can be described as prosocial include feeling empathy and concern for others and behaving in ways that help/benefit others
Two key ingredients for moral development
Empathy – the ability to understand another person’s emotional condition
Perspective taking – the ability to see your situation from another persons point of view
Mirror neuron and what it does
Key to the development of empathy. It allows us to send the move another person is about to make and the motions here she is experiencing. It allows us to feel what the other person feels through a brain to brain connection
Self-esteem
No way one evaluate self in relation to others
Self theory
And organized understand of the self in relation to other, begins to develop in early childhood
Impact of gender roles in childhood
Socially constructed, culturally based; stereotype; treated differently from birth; organize social life-roles-norms-expectations
Kohlberg’s Gender Schema Theory- how gender is organized
Gender labeling (2-3yrs) boys or girls
Gender stability- gender consistency
Binary
Transgender
Scribes people who identify themselves as another gender then the gender assigned to at birth
Intersex
Born with external genitalia not easily classified as male/female (determined at birth/puberty)
When and how children begin to identify their own race
Children identify their own race before others. By the age of three, they identify race
Symbolic play
Around the age 2. The ability of children to use objects, actions or ideas to represent other objects, actions or ideas as play.
Ex. A child may push a block around the floor as a car or put it in his ear as a cell phone.(fantasy play/pretend play)
Sociodramatic play:
Children ages 2 to 6 take on various roles and plots, taking on any identity, role, or activity they choose. Fantasy play in the group coordinating fantasies; important type of play in early childhood
4 parenting styles
Authoritarian(high control and little warmth)
Authoritative(fair control & warmth)
Indulgent/permissive (warm & no control)
Disengaged/uninvolved & neglectful (no warmth and no control)
Authoritarian parenting style
Insists on conformity to the rules & norms of family
Establishes rules and ideas about the child’s behavior
No consideration of child’s needs/wishes
Child becomes unhappy, low self esteem, aggressive, hostile, moody, difficulty managing stress
