Chapter 4-6 Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Gonads
A
Organs that produce reproductive cells and sex hormones
2
Q
Sex hormones
A
Chemical compounds that control development and function of reproductive systems
3
Q
Primary Sex Characteristics
A
The structures that play a direct role in reproduction
4
Q
Secondary Sex Characteristics
A
Males and females also have a distinct set of features that are not directly related to reproductive function
5
Q
Sperm cells
A
Male gametes
6
Q
Testes
A
2 male gonads, held outside the body in pouch of skin called the scrotum
7
Q
Scrotum
A
Regulates temperature of the testes (sperm like 35 degree)
8
Q
Seminiferous Tubules
A
Long coiled tubes that make up the testes, here sperm is produced
9
Q
Interstitial Cells
A
Hormone secreting cells, that lie between the seminiferous tubules. Secrete male hormone testosterone
10
Q
Spermatogenesis
A
°Starts with diploid germ cell “spermatogonium”
°Puberty - spermatogonium is stimulated to divide by mitosis to form two daughter cells
° 1st cell replenish spermatogonia population
° 2nd cell develops into primary spermatocyte > meiosis 1 > forms two secondary spermatocyte > meiosis 2 > form 4 spermatids > final set of stages to develop into sperm
11
Q
Sertoli Cells
A
Supports and nourishes developing sperm (located in seminiferous tubules)
12
Q
Epididymis
A
Duct where the sperm becomes mature and motile
13
Q
(Vas) Ductus Deferenz
A
Connects epididymis and penis
14
Q
Ejaculatory Duct
A
Tube connecting vas Deferens to the penis
15
Q
Penis
A
Male organ for sexual intercourse, primary reproductive function is to transfer sperm from the male to the female reproductive tract
16
Q
Seminal Vessicles
A
Produces mucus like fluid that contains sugar fructose and provides energy for the sperm
17
Q
Prostate Gland and Cowpers Gland
A
Secrets mucus like fluids and alkaline fluid to neutralize acids from urine in the urethra
18
Q
Semen
A
Combination of sperm cells and fluid. Semen enters urethra from ductus Deferens
19
Q
Urethra
A
Duct that carries fluid through the penis (urinary and reproductive)
20
Q
Ejaculation
A
Release of semen from the penis
21
Q
Ovaries
A
2 female gonads, produce limited number of gametes (eggs or ova)
22
Q
Eggs or ova
A
Female gametes
23
Q
Oogenesis
A
°Starts with diploid germ cell “oogonium” > mitosis > two primary oocytes > prophase 1 remains until puberty > after puberty, every month one primary oocytes undergoes meiosis > unequal division of cytoplasm
°cell with most cytoplasm: secondary oocyte
other cell: first polar body not functional
°meiosis again
°cell with most cytoplasm: mature egg
Other cell: not viable
24
Q
Follicles
A
Specialized cell structures within the ovary, one ovum develops in each follicle
25
Ovulation
Each month a follicle ruptures releasing ovum into oviduct
26
Fimbriae
Thread like projections that sweep over the ovary, ovum is released and is swept by fimbriae into an oviduct
27
Oviduct
Cilia-lined 10cm tube that carries ovum from ovary to uterus
28
Ovum
Contains large quantity of cytoplasm for the first days of fertilization
29
Uterus
Muscular organ holds and nourishes a developing fetus
30
Endometrium
Lining of the uterus richly supplied with blood vessels to provide nutrients for the fetus
31
Cervix
Base of the uterus small opening, connects to the vagina
32
Vagina
Serves as an entrance for the erect penis to deposit sperm, serves as an exit for fetus during childbirth
33
Zygote
Fertilized egg that moves through oviduct before reaching uterus
34
Vulva
Female external genital organs (opens from vagina)
35
Labia majora and labia minora
Two pairs of skin folds to protect vaginal opening, includes glans clitoris(becomes erect during intercourse)
36
STI
Sexually transmitted infection
37
HIV/AIDS
- acquired immunodeficiency syndrome caused by virus
| - Attacks WBC helper T cells, becomes more vulnerable to infections
38
Hepatitis
A: drinking water contaminated with fecal matter
B: sexual contact with infected body fluids or blood
C: blood to blood contact through needles or syringes
39
Genital Herpes
Viral STI, blisters or sores of the mouth, genital, buttocks, thigh
40
Human Papilloma virus
Genital warts, caused by skin to skin contact that can lead to cervical cancer in women, tumors of vulva, vagina anus and penis
41
Chlamydia
Caused by bacteria chlamydium trachomatis
symptoms include discharge from penis or vagina, pain urinating, or fever
Cure - early antibiotics
42
Gonorrhea
Bacterial STI cause infection of the urethra, cervix, rectum and throat, pain when urinating, and thick green-yellow discharge from urethra
43
Syphilis and treatment
Bacterial STI proceeds in 3 stages and treated with antibiotics
44
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (Production, Target Organ, Function in male, Function in female)
Production Site: Hypothalamus
Target Organs: Anterior Pituitary Gland
Function in male: stimulates release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary
Function in women: same
45
FSH in males (production site, Target organs, Function in male/female)
Production site: Anterior pituitary
Target organs: ovaries and testies
Function on in male/female reproductive system: stimulates development of sex organs and gamete production
46
LH (production site, Target organd, Function in male/female reproductive syste)
Production site: Anterior pituitary
Target Organs: ovaries and testes
Function in male: Stimulates production of testosterone
Function in female: triggers ovulation and with FSH stimulates estrogen production
47
Steroids
Mimic action of testosterone in promoting muscle development but disrupt reproductive hormone systems
48
Andropause
Gradual decline in testosterone levels (age 40+), drop in sperm count, depression, muscle loss
49
Menstrual Cycle
Female reproductive function follows a cyclical pattern, ensures an ovum is released same time as uterus is most receptive to a fertilized egg (28 days long)
50
Ovarian Cycle
One follicle matures, releases ovum, develops into yellowish Gland-like structure "corpus luteum"
2 stages
51
Corpus Luteum
A yellow gland like structure developed from a follicle
52
Follicular Stage
Increase in level of FSH stimulates follicle to mature, releases estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen triggers release of GnRH> increase in LH triggers ovulation> follicle bursts > releases ovum
53
Luteal Stage
LH causes follicle to develop into a corpus Luteum and secretes progesterone. As hormones rise FSH and LH are inhibited, corpus Luteum degenerates= decrease in estrogen and progesterone so the cycle begins again
54
Ovarian Uterine Cycle
Timing ensures uterus is prepared to receive and nurture a new life, causes a build up of blood vessels and tissues in the endometrium
55
Menstruation
If fertilization does not occur the endometrium degenerates and is released with blood
56
Menopause
End of the menstrual cycle (age 50) does not produce ova and is no longer fertile
Effects - rise cholesterol and cancer
57
Spermatid
Develops into mature sperm, has a nucleus and enzymes in the head regions, mitochondria in the midsection (energy), and a tail like flagellum for movement
58
Mature sperm
Tadpole shaped, with an oval head, cylindrical middle piece and extended tail
- head: nucleus, enzymes, 23 chromosomes and covered by acrosomes
- middle: mitochondria
59
What happens to penis during arousal?
Blood flow increases to specialized tissues, erectile tissues expand, veins compress, penis engorges with blood, erect sperm cells move out through ductus deferens
60
How is urine and semen prevented from mixing?
Sphincter tightens
61
What causes the movement of semen?
Series of interactions between the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nervous systems.
62
What causes ejaculation?
Sensory stimulation, arousal and co-ordinated muscular contractions contractions
63
Where are the two ovaries located?
Suspended by ligaments within the abdominal cavity
64
Mature ovum
Non-motile, large quantity of cytoplasm with nutrients for the first days of development after fertilization.
65
What mature ovum needs for fertilization?
Mature ovum is encased in a thick membrane which must be penetrate by a sperm cell before fertilization can take place.
66
What does the uterus connect to?
Connects to oviduct at upper end and vagina through cervix at base
67
How long can the ovum survive in oviduct?
24 hours
68
What happens to endometrium when egg is fertilized?
Thickens to prepare for zygote, zygote implants itself in it and embryo develops
69
What happens if egg doesn't fertilize?
Doesn't implant in endometrium, endometrium disintegrates, tissue and blood flow out of vagina
70
Causes of STI
Viruses, bacteria, parasites
71
Most common and viral STI
HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, genital herpes, HPV
72
Most common bacterial STI
Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis
73
How is HIV/AIDS transmitted and cured?
- Sexual contact with infected person, drug users sharing needles children of mothers with HIV (during birth or breastfeeding)
- No cure, alleviation of symptoms carry severe side effects
74
Hepatitis symptoms
Flu-like, fever, headache, nausea, loss of appetite
| Jaundice, liver infection/failure, cancer, death, infect unborn child
75
Hepatitis prevention
Vaccine for a+b
76
What happens if chlamydia goes undetected in women?
Spreads to cervix and oviduct > pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) > painful and can build up scar tissue in oviduct > maybe become fully blocked cause infertility.
Cervix infection can result in open sores increasing HIV risk
Babies during birth that come in contact with chlamydia can develop eye and respiratory infections
77
Untreated gonorrhea and treatments
Lead to PID, spread through bloodstream to joints, heart, brain
Baby birth-eye infection
Antibiotics
78
Syphilis effects and 3 stages
1: infectious ulcerated sores
2: rash
3: mentally ill, blind, heart disease, large/destructive ulcers on skin/internal organs
Can infect developing embryo - birth defect or still birth
79
When does male sex organ develop?
Before birth
80
Y chromosome
Carries gene called testis-determining factor triggering male sex hormone production "androgens" develops male sex organs and ducts in fetus
81
Male puberty
10-13
82
Beginning of puberty for males
Hypothalamus increases GnRH > anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH > testes produce sperm and release testosterone > complete sex organ/characteristic development
83
FSH negative feedback loop
While FSH causes interstitial cells in the testes to produce sperm, FSH also causes cells in seminiferous tubules to release inhibit to inhibit production of FSH.
84
LH negative feedback loop
LH causes testes to release testosterone, testosterone acts on anterior pituitary to inhibit LH release
85
Estrogen (Production, Target Organ, Function in male, Function in female)
Production site: ovary
Target Organs: entire body
Function in male: minor
Function in female: stimulates the development of the female reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics
86
Progesterone (production site, Target organs, Function in male/female reproductive system)
Production: ovary
Target organ: uterus
Function in male:minor
Function in female:cause uterine thickening
87
Testosterone (production site, Target Organ, function in male/female reproductive system)
Production site: testes(interstitial cells)
Target Organ: entire body
Function in male: stimulates development of male reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics
Function in female: minor
88
Inhibin(production site, Target Organ, Function in male and female reproductive system)
Production: testes (sertoli cells)
Target organ: Anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
Function in male: inhibit FSH production
Function in female: same
89
Beginning of puberty for females
Hypothalamus produce GNRH > release FSH + LH > act on ovaries produce estrogen + progesterone
90
Ovarian follicular stage
Increase FSH > stimulates follicle to mature > release estrogen + progesterone > inhibit FSH > sudden release of GNRH > increase LH > ovulation > follicle bursts > release ovum
91
Ovarian Luteal Stage
LH cause follicle to turn into corpus luteum > increase progesterone + estrogen > inhibit FSH + LH
corpus luteum either degenerates or gets fertilized
92
What happens when corpus luteum does not get fertilized
Degenerates, decrease in progesterone and estrogen, increase FSH, cycle restarts
93
What happens when ovum is fertilized?
Implants in endometrium, Estrogen and Progesterone remain high under stimulus of hCG
94
Hormone replacement therapy
Low levels of estrogen
| Risks - coronary heart disease, stroke, blood clots, breast cancer
