Chapter 4-6: Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

height nearly _____ in the first two years of life

Answer 1

doubles

Question 2

weight ____ in the first two years of life

Answer 2

quadruples

Question 3

what increases over the first year (temp regulation) then decreases

Answer 3

Baby fat

Question 4

growth happens in what two patterns?

Answer 4

Cephalocaudal - head to tail
proximodistal - near to far

Question 5

gross and fine motor skills are what development?

Answer 5

motor development

Question 6

what is the dynamic systems theory?

Answer 6

motor skills develop based on multiple factors

Question 7

what are the factors in dynamic systems theory?

Answer 7

CNS development, capacity for movement, goals, environmental supports

Question 8

the brain more than _____ in size in the first year of life

Answer 8

doubles

Question 9

what happens with growth in the brain?

Answer 9

new neurons, fibers, and synapses

Question 10

what is programmed cell death?

Answer 10

neurons die off to make room for more connections

Question 11

what is myelination?

Answer 11

glial cells coat fibers to speed up transmission

Question 12

when does myelination happen a large amount?

Answer 12

near age 2

Question 13

what is synaptic pruning

Answer 13

involves the removal of unnecessary or weak synapses, which are connections between neurons in the brain.

Question 14

what is the purpose of synaptic pruning

Answer 14

To streamline brain function by eliminating redundant or inefficient synapses.
To refine neural circuits and adapt the brain to specific experiences.

Question 15

the Cerebral Cortex is the…

Answer 15

main area for postnatal brain development

Question 16

what is the last to full develop in the brain?

Answer 16

prefrontal cortex

Question 17

what is lateralization

Answer 17

right brain/left brain
depends on experience, stimulation

Question 18

how do we study infant brain development

Answer 18

electrocephalograms (electrodes recording cerebral activity)

Question 19

ERPS are response to

Answer 19

particular stimuli

Question 20

Near-infrared spectroscopy is

Answer 20

infrared light absorbed in cerebral areas

Question 21

what are not feasible testing of young childrens brain

Answer 21

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission tomography (PET) because they need to stay still

Question 22

Describe Habituation in Newborns Perception

Question 23

Describe the elements development of Vision in the first two years

Answer 23

very poor in new borns, Depth perception, Patterns and faced, preferences - sex, race

Question 24

Describe hearing development

Answer 24

begin developing musical preferences and understand where musical phrases and words begin and end

Question 25

Describe Differentiation Theory

Answer 25

infants seek stable features in a changing world, and begin to identify patterns and relationships, always looking for possibilities for action

Question 26

describe Development of learning

Answer 26

Conditioning, social learning

Question 27

what are two types of conditioning

Answer 27

classical conditioning, operant conditioning

Question 28

describe social learning

Answer 28

Modeling, learning by observation. developed into social-cognitive theory

Question 29

Describe Piaget's Sensorimotor stage

Answer 29

learning by doing begins by reflex and circular reactions and develops into goal-directed behavior

Question 30

what do we develop to help us understand how the world works? what are we doing with them>

Answer 30

Schemas, constantly update

Question 31

accommodation of schema is

Answer 31

updating schema to match the world

Question 32

assimilating schema is

Answer 32

using them to interpret, reinforce current schema

Question 33

organization of schema is

Answer 33

connecting various schema together

Question 34

mental representations help us

Answer 34

think about things when they are not there, deferred immitation, make -believe

Question 35

describe object permanence

Question 36

Describe Information Processing Approach

Answer 36

mind as a computer analogy

Question 37

what are possible explanations of Infantile Amnesia

Answer 37

language, schemas, brain development

Question 38

what is chomskys language aquistion device