Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

(95 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Cells

A

The most basic unit of all living organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Zacharias Jansen

A

Zacharias Jansen and his father Hans experimented putting lenses in a tube, inventing the microscope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Microscope

A

A tool used to see objects normally too small to be seen through the naked eye.

Comes from Greek mikros (“small”) and skopeo (“look at”).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

In the 1600’s, discovered protozoa, spermatozoa, and bacteria, and classified red blood cells by shape. He used a simple light microscope to observe small organisms moving in pond water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hans Lippershy

A

Credited with the invention of the telescope of 3x magnification in 1608.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

In 1609, made his first telescope. He created a telescope that could magnify objects 20x.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Used a compound light microscope to study cork, the dead cells of oak bark.

Hooke coined the term “cells” because the geometric shapes he saw under the microscope reminded him of the small rooms monks lived in at a monastery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bacteria are the ______ cells and require magnifications of up to ______.

A

smallest

1,000x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Plant and animal cells are ___x larger than most bacteria.

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Matthias Schleiden

A

In 1838, observed a variety of plants and concluded that all plants are composed of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Theodor Schwann

A

In 1839, concluded that animals are composed of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Rudolph Virchow

A

In 1855, observed and proposed that all cells are produced from the division of existing cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms.
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Types of microscopes

A

Optical

Electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Types of electron microscopes

A

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Light microscope (LM)

A

The most frequently used microscope

Light passes through a specimen then through glass lenses into the viewer’s eye.

Specimens can be magnified up to 2,000 times the actual size of the specimen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Electron microscope

A

Invented in the 1930’s

These microscopes use a beam of electrons instead of light to magnify structures up to 500,000 times their actual size, allowing scientists to see structures within a cell.

Specimens must be examined in a vacuum, and living organisms cannot be observed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

Used to scan the surface of cells to learn their three-dimensional shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A

Allows scientists to study structures within a cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cells

A

The most basic unit of all living organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Zacharias Jansen

A

Zacharias Jansen and his father Hans experimented putting lenses in a tube, inventing the microscope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Microscope

A

A tool used to see objects normally too small to be seen through the naked eye.

Comes from Greek mikros (“small”) and skopeo (“look at”).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

In the 1600’s, discovered protozoa, spermatozoa, and bacteria, and classified red blood cells by shape. He used a simple light microscope to observe small organisms moving in pond water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hans Lippershy

A

Credited with the invention of the telescope of 3x magnification in 1608.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Galileo Galilei
In 1609, made his first telescope. He created a telescope that could magnify objects 20x.
26
Robert Hooke
Used a compound light microscope to study cork, the dead cells of oak bark. Hooke coined the term “cells” because the geometric shapes he saw under the microscope reminded him of the small rooms monks lived in at a monastery.
27
Bacteria are the ______ cells and require magnifications of up to ______.
smallest 1,000x
28
Plant and animal cells are ___x larger than most bacteria.
10
29
Matthias Schleiden
In 1838, observed a variety of plants and concluded that all plants are composed of cells.
30
Theodor Schwann
In 1839, concluded that animals are composed of cells.
31
Rudolph Virchow
In 1855, observed and proposed that all cells are produced from the division of existing cells.
32
Cell theory
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
33
Types of microscopes
Optical Electron
34
Types of electron microscopes
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
35
Light microscope (LM)
The most frequently used microscope Light passes through a specimen then through glass lenses into the viewer’s eye. Specimens can be magnified up to 2,000 times the actual size of the specimen.
36
Electron microscope
Invented in the 1930’s These microscopes use a beam of electrons instead of light to magnify structures up to 500,000 times their actual size, allowing scientists to see structures within a cell. Specimens must be examined in a vacuum, and living organisms cannot be observed.
37
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Used to scan the surface of cells to learn their three-dimensional shape.
38
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Allows scientists to study structures within a cell.
39
Prokaryotes
Unbound nucleoid Simple appendages Circular DNA No membrane-bound organelles Reproduce by binary fission No membrane receptors Complex cell wall Small ribosomes No cytoskeleton Smaller than eukaryotes
40
Eukaryotes
Membrane-bound nucleus and nucleolus Complex appendages Linear DNA with histones Membrane-bound organelles Membrane receptors Divide by mitosis Cell wall simple when present Cytoskeleton Big ribosomes Bigger than prokaryotes
41
Four life processes in eukaryotic cells that depend upon structures and organelles
1. Manufacturing 2. Breakdown of molecules 3. Energy processing 4. Structural support, movement, and communication
42
Four elements that cells are composed of
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
43
Plant cell components that animal cells don’t have
Cell wall Large/central vacuole Chloroplasts Flagella only in gametes
44
Animal cell components that plant cells don’t have
Lack of cell wall Small or no vacuole No chloroplasts Flagella
45
Components of both animal and plant cells
Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Cytoplasm Ribosomes
46
Plasma membrane
A double layer of lipids, where proteins are embedded. Proteins may extend entirely through the lipid bilayer or protrude on only one face. Most of the proteins that are faced externally, along with some lipids, have a sugar group attached. Serves as an external cell barrier and transports substances in or out of the cell. Maintains a resting potential that is needed for the function of excitable cells. Externally facing proteins act as receptors, transport proteins, and for cell-to-cell recognition. Double phospholipid layer Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails
47
Plasma membrane junctions
Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions
48
Tight junctions in plasma membranes
Impermeable junctions Bind cells together into leak-proof sheets
49
Desmosomes in plasma membrane
Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart
50
Gap junctions in plasma membrane
Allow communication between cells
51
Nucleus
Control center of the cell Contains genetic material (DNA)
52
Regions of nucleus
Nuclear envelope (membrane) Nucleolus Chromatin
53
Nuclear envelope (membrane)
Barrier of the nucleus Consists of double membrane Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
54
Nucleolus
Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli Sites of ribosome assembly Ribosomes migrate into cytoplasm through nuclear pores
55
Chromatin
Component of nucleus Composed of DNA and protein Scattered throughout the nucleus Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides
56
Cytoplasm
The material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane Site of most cellular activities
57
Cytosol
Component of cytoplasm Fluid that suspends other elements
58
Organelles
Metabolic machinery of the cell “Little organs” that perform functions for the cell
59
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
60
Inclusions
Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products Component of cytoplasm
61
Plasma membrane junctions
Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions
62
Tight junctions in plasma membranes
Impermeable junctions Bind cells together into leak-proof sheets
63
Desmosomes in plasma membrane
Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart
64
Gap junctions in plasma membrane
Allow communication between cells
65
Nucleus
Control center of the cell Contains genetic material (DNA)
66
Regions of nucleus
Nuclear envelope (membrane) Nucleolus Chromatin
67
Nuclear envelope (membrane)
Barrier of the nucleus Consists of double membrane Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
68
Nucleolus
Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli Sites of ribosome assembly Ribosomes migrate into cytoplasm through nuclear pores
69
Chromatin
Component of nucleus Composed of DNA and protein Scattered throughout the nucleus Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides
70
Inclusions
Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products Component of cytoplasm
71
Endomembrane system
Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
72
Organelles
Metabolic machinery of the cell “Little organs” that perform functions for the cell
73
Cytosol
Component of cytoplasm Fluid that suspends other elements
74
Cytoplasm
The material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane Site of most cellular activities
75
Mitochondria
Rod-like, double-membrane. Inner membrane are folded into projections called cristae. Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food Provides ATP for cellular energy.
76
Chloroplast
Only found in plant cells Perform photosynthesis An envelope of two membranes encloses the stroma, the dense fluid within the chloroplast A system of interconnected membranous sacs called thylakoids segregates the stroma from another compartment, the thylakoid space. Thylakoids are concentrated in stacks called grana
77
Ribosomes
Dense particles that consist of two subunits which are composed of protein and ribosomal RNA. Sites of protein synthesis Found: Free in the cytoplasm As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
78
Endomembrane system
``` Consists of: Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Plasma membrane ``` These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles
79
Endoplasmic reticulum
Fluid filled tubules for carrying substances Two types: Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
80
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Membranous system enclosing a cavity, the cistern, and coils through the cytoplasm. Externally studded with ribosomes. Proteins are bound in vesicles for transportation to the Golgi apparatus. The external face synthesizes phospholipids.
81
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Membranous system of sacs and tubules. Free of ribosomes. Site of lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification.
82
Golgi apparatus
Modifies and packages proteins Produces different types of packages: Secretory vesicles Cell membrane components Lysosomes
83
Lysosomes
Membranous sacs containing acid hydrolases. Contain enzymes produced by ribosomes Packaged by Golgi apparatus Digest worn-out or nonusable materials within the cell Take part in phagocytosis and autophagy
84
Phagocytosis
Some types of cell can engulf another cell by phagocytosis; this forms a food vacuole A lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules
85
Autophagy
Lysosomes use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules in a process called autophagy
86
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm Provides the cell with internal framework Three different types of elements: Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules
87
Centrioles
Paired cylindrical bodies composed of nine triplets of microtubules. Organize a microtubule network during mitosis to form the spindle and asters. Forms the bases of cilia and flagella.
88
Cilia
Short cell-surface projections, composed of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair. Coordinated movement creating an unidirectional current that propels substances across the cell surface. Located in respiratory system to move mucus.
89
Flagella
Flagella propel the cell. The only flagellated cell in the human body is sperm
90
Microvilli
Microvilli are tiny, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane They increase surface tension for absorption
91
Cell types
``` Fibroblasts Erythrocytes Epithelial cells Skeletal muscle cell Adipocyte Macrophage Neuron Sperm ```
92
Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs of catalase and oxidase enzymes. The enzymes detoxify toxic substances. Catalase, the most important enzyme, breaks down hydrogen peroxide.
93
Microtubules
Cylindrical structure made of tubular proteins. Supports the cell and gives it shape. Involved in intracellular and cellular movements. Forms centrioles, cilia, and flagella.
94
Intermediate filaments
Protein fibers where the composition varies. The stable cytoskeletal elements; resist mechanical forces acting on the cell.
95
Microfilaments
Fine filaments composed of actin. Involved in muscle contractions and other intracellular movements. Helps form the cytoskeleton.

Biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions