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Pysch 205 - Principles of Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics

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2
Q

Sensation

A

Detection of physical energy by the sense organs

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3
Q

Perception

A

The brain’s interpretation of the raw sensory inputs

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4
Q

Illusion

A

Perception in which the way we perceive the stimulus doesn’t match its physical reality

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5
Q

Sense receptor are…

A

Stimulated by external energies

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6
Q

Five types of energy sense receptors are stimulated by

A

Vision - light waves, smell - chemicals, taste - chemicals, touch - pressure, hearing - sound waves

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7
Q

Transduction

A

Converting external energies into electrical signals that are sent to the brain

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8
Q

Threshold

A

A dividing point between energy levels that do and do not have a detectable difference

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9
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The smallest amount of stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect

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10
Q

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

A

The smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we detect

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11
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Principle stating that there is a constant proportional relationship between the JND and original stimulus intensity. The stronger the stimulus the greater the change needed to detect

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12
Q

Activation of the sense receptor is the greatest when…

A

The stimulus is first detected

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13
Q

Sensitivity to stimulus declines after…

A

Prolonged exposure

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14
Q

Selective attention

A

Allows us to select one channel of sensory input and ignore or minimize others

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15
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

Ability to pick out important information from surrounding sensory input

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16
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

The failure to see unexpected visible objects or events in a visual display

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17
Q

Change blindness

A

Failure to notice a fairly obvious change in a visual display

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18
Q

Order of vision

A

Cornea, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve

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19
Q

Cornea

A

The curved, transparent protective layer in front of the eye; bends incoming light

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20
Q

Pupil

A

The opening of in the centre of the eye

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21
Q

Iris

A

The coloured area containing muscles that control the pupil

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22
Q

Lens

A

Flexible disk that focuses light of the back of the eye

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23
Q

Accommodation

A

Changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near and far

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24
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness

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25
Hyperopia
Farsightedness
26
Retina
Specialized layer of sensory receptors at the back of the eye
27
Photoreceptors
Sensory receptors specialized for light stimuli (rods and cones)
28
Cones
For detail and colour vision, don't respond well in dim light, heavily concentrated in the fovea
29
Fovea
Central portion of the retina; responsible for visible acuity
30
Rods
For low light vision and detection of movement, cannot detect colour, in peripheral vision, more rods than cones
31
Signals are sent to the brain via the...
Optic nerve
32
Blind spot
Where the optic nerve leaves the eye, there are no photo receptors
33
Optic chiasm
The point in the brain where the optic nerves cross over and project onto the other side of the brain
34
"What" Pathway
From occipital lobe to temporal lobe, for object recognition, language, and facial recognition
35
"Where" Pathway
From occipital lobe to parietal lobe, for movement and spatial awareness/processing
36
Hemi-neglect
Visual neglect to one side of the visual field
37
Trichromatic theory
Colour vision is based on our sensitivity to the three primary colours (red, green, and blue), theory says each type of cone is sensitive to a different wavelength of light
38
Opponent process theory
Theory that we perceive colours in terms of 3 pairs of opponent colours: Red-green, yellow-blue, and black-white. Certain wavelengths inhibit the activation of the opposing colour on each cone, explains why we can't see a mixture of red and green, accounts for colour blindness
39
Trichromat
Normal human colour vision
40
Dichromat
Only possess two types of cones, typical for red-green colourblindness
41
Monochromat
Can't see any colour
42
Blindsight
A phenomenon whereby a person reports they have no visual awareness of their surroundings, but are correctly able to "guess" the appearance of objects around them, occurs with cortical blindness
43
Reversible form
A drawing that is compatible with tow interpretations that can shift back and forth
44
Naïve realism
Demonstrates that people's worlds are subjective
45
Perceptual set
Readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way (sometimes we "see" what we expect to see)
46
Gestalt Pyschology
We interpret visual stimuli holistically
47
Figure-ground
Alternating focusing on the figure vs. the ground behind it changes the image
48
Proximity
Grouping figures close to each other together
49
Similarity
Figures similar to each other are grouped together
50
Closure
Tendency to perceive incomplete figures as whole and complete
51
Depth Perception
Interpretation of visual cues that indicate how near or far way objects are
52
Binocular cues
Cues based on the differing views of two eyes
53
Monocular cues
Cues based on the image in either eye alone
54
Retinal disparity
Different images of objects are cast on the retinas on each eye, both eyes see something slightly different
55
Convergence
The tendency to move eyes towards each other as we focus on objects up close
56
Interpostion
When one object blocks part of another from our view we see the blocked object as farther away
57
Elevation
We see objects that are higher in our visual plane as further away
58
Texture gradient
We can see more details of textured surfaces, such as the wood grain on tables of restaurants, as closer to us
59
Linear perspective
Parallel lines seem to converge in the distance
60
Shading
We are accustomed to see light coming from above us We use differences in the shading to judge size and distance from objects
61
Arial perspective
Tend to see closer objects with more clarity than objects further away
62
Motion parallax
When looking out the window of a moving car, objects that are closer move faster
63
Perceptual constantes
Tendency to view objects as unchanging despite changes in the environment
64
Size constancy
Perceive objects as the same size regardless of the distance from which it is viewed
65
Shape constancy
See an object as the same shape no matter what angle it is viewed from

Pysch 205 - Principles of Psychology (5 decks)

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