Chapter 4

Question 1

Describe how nm can be resistant to antibiotics (4)

Answer 1

1. Mutation;
2. Results in Nm cell with allele for resistance to one antibiotic/to named antibiotic;
3. (This) cell survives and passes the allele for resistance to offspring;
4. Process repeated with different genes conferring resistance to each of the other (two) antibiotics;

Question 2

Describe how vaccination can lead to protection against meningitis

Answer 2

Antigen/epitope on surface of N. meninigitidis / bacterium binds to surface protein / surface receptor on a (specific/single) B cell;

2. (Activated) B cell divides by mitosis / produces clone;
3. (Division) stimulated by cytokines / by T cells;
4. B cells/plasma cells release antibodies;
5. (Some) B cells become memory cells;
6. Memory cells produce plasma / antibodies faster;