chapter 4 Flashcards
define a person’s attitude
a favourable or unfavourable evaluative reaction towards something or someone, exhibited in one’s beliefs, feelings, or intended behaviour.
fill in the blanks:
student attitudes toward cheating bore ____ relation to the likelihood of them actually cheating
little/minimal
what is the Implicit Association Test?
A computer driven assessment of implicit attitudes that uses reaction times to measure people’s automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words, where easier pairings (and faster responses) are taken to indicate stronger unconscious associations
Fill in the blanks:
____ biases are persuasive.
Implicit
ex; 80% of people show more implicit negativity toward the elderly compared with the young
Fill in the blank:
People differ in their ____ biases. Depending on their group memberships, their conscious attitudes, and the bias in their immediate environment, some people exhibit more ____ bias than others.
implicit, implicit
Fill in the blank:
people are often unaware of their _____ biases.
implicit
White people who show strong unconscious racial bias on the IAT also exhibit high _____ activation when viewing unfamiliar Black faces.
amygdala
define the principle of aggregation.
The effects of an attitude on behaviour become more apparent when we look at a person’s aggregate or average behaviour rather than at isolated acts
Attitudes towards “health fitness ______ predict specific exercise and dietary practices, but an individual’s attitude about the cost and benefits of joggings are a fairly _____ predictor of whether he or she jobs regularly.
poorly, strong
what factors predict behaviour?
attitude toward the behaviour, subjective norms and perceived control lead to behaviour intention, and the behaviour intention leads to the behaviour
fill in the blanks:
______ reaction is adaptive
automatic
what happens when attitudes are forged by experience, not just by hearsay.
They are more accessible, more enduring, and more likely to guide actions
how are university students whose attitudes are negative towards their school’s response to a housing shortage, likely to respond when given opportunities to act - to sign a petition, signature, join a committee or write a letter?
Those whose attitudes grew from direct experience are more likely to act
What does the word “role” refer to from “role-playing”?
A set of norms that define how people in a given social position ought to behave
What are norms?
Rules for accepted and expected behaviour that prescribe “proper” behaviour
what are gender roles?
behaviour expectations (norms) for males and females
fill in the blanks:
Tory Higgins and his colleagues illustrated how ______ becomes believing
saying
- we are pone to adjust our messages to our listening and, having said positive things, then likes the person more themselves
what is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a smaller request to comply later with a larger request.
what is the low-ball technique?
A tactic for getting people to agree to something. People who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante. People who receive only the costly request are less likely to comply with it
what is the door-in-the-fcae technique?
A strategy for gaining a concession. After someone first turns down a large request (door-in-the-face), the same requester counter offers with a more reasonable request
fill in the blanks:
___ and ____ feed each other, sometimes to the point of moral numbness
actions ad attitudes
fill in the blanks:
experiments demonstrate that _____ behaviour toward someone fosters ____ for that person
positive, liking
which three possible sources do social psychology’s detectives suspect for why action affects attitude?
1) self presentation theory: assumes that we express attitudes that make us appear consistent
2) cognitive dissonance theory: assumes that to reduce discomfort, we justify our actions to ourselves
3) self-perception theory: assumes that our actions are self-revealing
what is the cognitive dissonance theory?
tension that arises when we are simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions. For example, dissonance may occur when we realize that we have, with little justification, acted contrary to our attitudes or made a decision favouring one alternative despite reasons favouring another.
