Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Sensation
A
Process of detecting external events with sense organs and turning these stimuli into neural events
2
Q
Perception
A
Interpreting and organizing stimuli
3
Q
Transduction
A
Conversion of physical energy to neural impulses
4
Q
Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
A
Muller 1826. Different senses are separated in the brain.
5
Q
Psychophysics
A
Fechner. How physical stimuli such as light and sound are interpreted by the brain.
6
Q
Absolute Threshold
A
Minimum stimulation so as to detect presence of stimulus 50% of the time.
7
Q
Difference Threshold
A
Smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time
8
Q
Weber’s Law
A
Just noticeable change between two stimuli changes as proportion of stimuli
9
Q
Signal Detection Theory
A
Whether a signal is perceived is based on both the sensory experience and judgement made by the subject
10
Q
Sensory Process
A
providing of stimulus or no stimulus
11
Q
Decision process
A
Subject reports whether they perceived a stimulus or not
12
Q
JND
A
Minimum difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time
13
Q
Weber’s Law noticeable light difference
A
8%
14
Q
Noticeable weight difference
A
2%
15
Q
Noticeable frequency difference
A
0.2%
16
Q
Gestalt Psych
A
Whole greater than sum of parts
17
Q
Figure-Ground
A
Grouping of figures and ground
18
Q
Similarity
A
Items group according to visual similarities
19
Q
Proximity
A
Items grouped due to proximity to each other
20
Q
Continuity
A
Lines are perceived to continue
21
Q
Closure
A
Tendency to close a figure
22
Q
Phonetic Reversal
A
A word pronounced backwards sounds like another word
23
Q
Top-down processing
A
Perceptions influenced by prior knowledge
24
Q
Bottom-up processing
A
Using sensory info to construct a more complex perception
25
Divided Attention
Paying attention to more than one stimulus at a time
26
Selective Attention
Focusing on one event and excluding others
27
Inattentive Blindness
Failure to notice an event when focused on another event
28
Wavelength
Distance from peak to peak
29
Amplitude
Distance from x axis to crest
30
Hue
Dimension of color determined by wavelength
31
Intensity
Brightness. Determined by amplitude
32
Saturation
How many different wavelengths are mixed together
33
Sclera
Whites of eye
34
Cornea
Clear layer that covers front of eye and contributes to eye's ability to focus light
35
Pupil
Regulates amount of light that enters eye
36
Iris
Muscle around eye that controls dilation and constriction of the pupil
37
Lens
Focuses light onto back of eye
38
Retina
Back of eye. Contains cones and rods
39
Accomodation
Change in shape of lens to focus light
40
Optic Nerve
Fibres connecting to brain
41
Cones
Receptors for bright light. Located on fovea
42
Rods
Receptors for dim light
43
Acuity
Sharpness of vision
44
Nearsighted
Can focus on nearby object
45
Farsighted
Can focus on far away objects
46
How many cones per ganglion cell?
One
47
How many rods per ganglion cell?
Ten
48
Dark adaption
Cones and rods become more sensitive to light under low levels of illumination
49
Trichromatic Theory
Young-Helmholtz Theory. Three types of cones corresponding to red, green, blue. All other colors combination of these three
50
Opponent Process Theory
Colors are in opposition to each other. Hering
51
Dichromat
Confuse two colors
52
Monochromat
Can only see one colour
53
Colour Blindness
Misfunction in cones
54
Nearsightedness (myopia) caused by
Elongation of the eye, image falls short of retina
55
Farsightedness (hyperopia) caused by
Image focused behind retina
56
Optic chiasm
Part of brain where optic nerves cross at the midline
57
Ipsilateral
Same side
58
Contralateral
Other side
59
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
In thalamus. Processes information and sends it to visual cortex
60
Function of Ventral Stream
Object recognition
61
DF
Had damaged ventral stream. Could still put mail in mailbox, therefore had a working dorsal stream.
62
FFA
Fusiform face area
63
Perceptual Constancies
Tendency to perceive things as similar despite change in perspectives
64
Binocular Cues
Based on differing perspectives of both eyes
65
Convergence
eyes move inward to focus on nearby object
66
Retinal Disparity
Difference of position of object as seen by each eye. Gives info about depth
67
Monocular Clues
Clues about depth perceived by only one eye
68
Paraprognosia
Cant recognize faces
69
Size constancy
Ability to perceive consistent size despite variations in size of retinal images
70
Shape consistency
Ability to perceive consistent shape despite differing position of shape
71
Light consistency
Ability to perceive consistent light despite changing illumination
72
Frequency
Cycles per time (Hz) relates to pitch
73
Amplitude of sound
How loud it is
74
Pitch
Highness or lowness of sound
75
Loudness
Amplitude of sound
76
Timbre
Complexity of sound wave
77
Pinna
External ear. Directs sound into ear and determines location of sound
78
Auditory canal
Leads to eardrum
79
Tympanic membrane
Eardrum
80
Ossicles
Transmit vibrations to cochlea. Malleus, incus, stapes
81
Conversion of sound waves to perception of sound
Sound waves, fluid waves, mechanical vibrations, electrical impulses to modal geniculate nucleus in thalamus to auditory cortex
82
Sound localization
Identifying where a sound comes from
83
Place Theory
Perception of sound based on location of the ear which sound stimulates. Problem: not enough hair cells, cochlea isn't long enough. Therefore, struggles at explaining low frequencies
84
Frequency Theory
Related to pitch at which basiliar membrane vibrates. Problem: can't explain high frequencies, as nerves can't fire that fast.
85
Primary auditorial Cortex
Involved in perception of hearing
86
Interaural Time Difference
One ear experiences sound sooner and more intensely
87
Interaural Level Difference
One ear casts a sound shadow
88
Nerve HEaring Loss
Damage in cochlea's receptors or auditory nerve
89
Conduction Hearing Loss
Damage to mechanical system that conducts sound waves to cochlea
90
Plasticity in 3 months
Can detect changes in pitch
91
Changes in 4-6 months
Can detect when sounds stop and start
92
Changes in 8 months
Can localize sound
93
Changes in 10-12 months
Audial specialization towards language
94
Functions of vestibular system
Balance, maintain upright head position, adjust eye movement for head movement
95
Semicircular Canals
Three fluid-filled canals that respond to acceleration of the head
96
Vestibular Sacs
Provides info about head's orientation. Consists of utricle (little pouch) and saccule (little sac)
97
Haptics
Touch sensation and perception
98
Kinesthesis
System for sensing position and movement of body parts
99
Nociception
Sensation of pain. Can be top-down (experiences change how we experience pain) and bottom-up (things from outside world transmitted to brain)
100
RA Receptors
Rapidly adapting receptors (can be I or II)
101
SA Receptors
Slowly adapting receptors. Respond to ongoing sensation. Can be I or II
102
Myelinated alpha fibres
Rapid transmission of pain
103
Unmyelinated C fibres
Slow transmission of pain
104
Two point threshold
Minimum distance between points to be perceived as two different points. Bimodal distribution. Larger thresholds in the legs and arms, as opposed to the finger tips, lips, etc.
105
Gate Control Theory
Explains pain as interaction between transmitting and inhibiting fibres
106
"Gate" closed by?
Large A beta or gamma-fibres
107
"Gate" opened by?
Small C and A sigma fibres
108
Phantom Limb Pain
Sensations of pain in nonexistent limbs
109
Mirrox Boxes
Reduces phantom pain by tricking the brain into thinking that individual has two hands
110
Gustation
Taste
111
Umami
Taste sense related to savory foods/protein
112
Papillae
Taste buds
113
Secondary Gustatory Cortex
Associates pleasure with food
114
Gustatory Complex
In frontal lobe
115
Olfaction
Smell
116
Retronasal Olfaction
Smell enters from the back (eating food)
117
Olfactory Epithelium
In nose, lined with cilia
118
Olfactory Bulb
Processing of smell
119
Multimodal Integration
Ability to integrate different modalities into a single perception
120
McGurk Effect
Vision leads to altered hearing
121
Double Flash Effect
Hearing leads to altered vision
122
Syntesthesia
When you see a particular stimulus, you have a cross-modal response to it
123
Autonomic Sensory Meridian Response
Certain audial and visual stimulation incurs tingling sensations in spine and scalp
124
Distal Stimulus
Object in real world
125
Proximal Stimulus
Image on retina
126
Ambiguity
Open to multiple perceptions
