Chapter 8

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

Mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and storing knowledge

Question 2

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 2

Science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive

Question 3

Concept

Answer 3

Mental representation of an idea

Question 4

Graded Membership

Answer 4

Some objects apply to one category more strongly than other

Question 5

Prototype

Answer 5

Mental representation of the average item in a certain category

Question 6

Semantic network

Answer 6

Diagram

Question 7

Priming

Answer 7

Activation of individual concepts in LTM

Question 8

Linguistic Relativity/Whorfian Hypothesis

Answer 8

The language we use determines how we understand the world

Question 9

Reasoning

Answer 9

Drawing conclusions from evidence

Question 10

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 10

Moving from general premises to specific facts

Question 11

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 11

Moving from specific facts to general premises

Question 12

Problem Solving

Answer 12

Accomplishing a goal when solution is not clear

Question 13

Algorithm

Answer 13

Problem solving strategies based on series of rules

Question 14

Heuristics

Answer 14

Problem solving strategies that stem from prior experiences

Question 15

Critical Thinking

Answer 15

Critically analyzing sources

Question 16

Metacognitive thinking

Answer 16

Thinking about one’s thinking

Question 17

Mental Set

Answer 17

Cognitive obstacle that occurs when a routine solution is applied to a new situation

Question 18

Functional Fixedness

Answer 18

Not able to apply problem-solving routine in a novel way

Question 19

Deductive Reasoning (from lecture)

Answer 19

Conclusions drawn after receiving two premises. Relates to belief-bias effect

Question 20

Belief Bias

Answer 20

Preexisting beliefs distort logical reasoning

Question 21

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 21

Relies on specific facts to draw conclusions that may not be true (scientific method)

Question 22

Analogy Heuristic

Answer 22

To solve a new problem, find parallel analogies

Question 23

Judgement

Answer 23

Reaching conclusions about events and people

Question 24

Decision Making

Answer 24

Accepting and rejecting option

Question 25

Availability Heuristic

Answer 25

Estimate likelihood of events based on memory (ex. car crash/plane crash analogy)

Question 26

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 26

Judge things in terms of how well they relate to prototypes. (eg expecting things to look a certain way)

Question 27

Conjunction Fallacy

Answer 27

Finding a member of two larger categories is more probable than a member of both

Question 28

Anchoring Heuristic

Answer 28

People's judgements result from an initial (typically numerical) estimate

Question 29

Framing

Answer 29

The way an issue is posed

Question 30

Belief Perserverance

Answer 30

Someone holds their belief even in the face of opposing evidence

Question 31

Confirmation Bias

Answer 31

Individual searches for only evidence that supports their theory

Question 32

Language Production

Answer 32

What someone says and the processes involved in producing the language

Question 33

Language Understanding

Answer 33

Interpretation and contextualization of language

Question 34

Language

Answer 34

Words and ways people communicate meaning

Question 35

Aphasia

Answer 35

Damage to areas of the brain that are involved in producing and understanding language

Question 36

Broca's Area

Answer 36

Region of the brain involved in producing language

Question 37

Vernicke's Area

Answer 37

Area of the brain associated with understanding of words

Question 38

Phonetics

Answer 38

The way words sound

Question 39

Syntax

Answer 39

How words are arranged in sentences

Question 40

Semantics

Answer 40

What a word means in a context

Question 41

Pragmatics

Answer 41

Aspects of meaning not captured by original definition (sarcasm, gestures)

Question 42

Morphemes

Answer 42

Smallest unit of meaning in a language (ex. banks - bank and s)

Question 43

Phonemes

Answer 43

Smallest unit of sound in a language

Question 44

Syntax (structure of language)

Answer 44

Rules for arranging words in sentences

Question 45

Grammar

Answer 45

Entire set of rules for combing symbols and sounds

Question 46

Sensitivity Period

Answer 46

Period during which babies learn language simply by hearing it

Question 47

Fast Mapping

Answer 47

Ability to map concepts after a single exposure

Question 48

Nativist Theory

Answer 48

We discover language rather than learn it (Chomsky LAD)

Question 49

FOXP2 Gene

Answer 49

Involved in understanding language. Mutated in people with language disorders.

Question 50

Structural Ambiguity

Answer 50

Moving around parts of speech to change meaning