Chapter 4

Question 1

Piaget’s theory

Answer 1

suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development.

Question 2

Genetic epistemology

Answer 2

study of the origins (genesis) of knowledge (epistemology).

Question 3

Constructivist approach

Answer 3

depicts children as constructing knowledge for themselves in response to their experiences.

Question 4

Three most important of children’s constructive processes

Answer 4

1) generating hypotheses, 2) performing experiments, and 3) drawing conclusions from their observations.

Question 5

______ and _____ interact to produce cognitive development.

Answer 5

nature; nurture

Question 6

Nurture

Answer 6

every experience children encounter.

Question 7

Main Sources of Continuity

Answer 7

• assimilation, accommodation, equilibration

Question 8

Assimilation

Answer 8

people translate incoming information into a form that fits concepts they already understand.

Question 9

Accommodation

Answer 9

people adapt current knowledge structures in response to new experiences.

Question 10

Equilibration

Answer 10

children balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding.

Question 11

Three phases of equilibration

Answer 11

1. ) Equilibrium
2. ) Disequilibrium
3. ) Advanced equilibrium

Question 12

Equilibrium

Answer 12

people are satisfied with their understanding of a particular phenomenon.

Question 13

Disequilibrium

Answer 13

recognize shortcomings in their understanding of the phenomenon, but they cannot generate a superior alternative.

Question 14

Advanced equilibrium

Answer 14

develop a more sophisticated understanding that eliminates the shortcomings of the old one.

Question 15

Qualitative change

Answer 15

• children of different ages think in qualitatively
  different ways.
• Ex: a 5-year-old’s conception of morality = consequences of a person’s behaviour.
• 8-year-old’s conception of morality = intent.

Question 16

Broad applicability

Answer 16

The type of thinking at each stage influences children’s thinking across diverse topics.

Question 17

Brief transitions

Answer 17

Before entering a new stage, children pass through a brief period in which they fluctuate between the type of thinking characteristic of the new and the old.

Question 18

Piaget believed in _______ stages of cognitive development.

Answer 18

discontinuous/distinct

Question 19

What stage takes place from birth to 2 years old?

Answer 19

sensorimotor

Question 20

What stage takes place from 2 to 7 years?

Answer 20

preoperational

Question 21

What stage takes place from 7 to 12 years?

Answer 21

concrete operational

Question 22

What stage takes place from 12 years and beyond?

Answer 22

formal operational

Question 23

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 23

• intelligence is expressed through sensory and motor abilities.

Question 24

Preoperational stage

Answer 24

• children become able to represent their experiences in language, mental imagery, and symbolic thought.
• inability to perform conservation concept.

Question 25

Concrete operational stage

Answer 25

children become able to reason logically about concrete objects and events.

Question 26

Formal operational stage

Answer 26

people become able to think about abstractions and hypothetical situations.

Question 27

At ______ babies lack object permanence, which is __________ .

Answer 27

8 months; the knowledge that objects continue to exist even when they are out of view.

Question 28

From _______, the A not B error occurs which is

Answer 28

8 - 12 months; the tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found rather than in the new location where it was last hidden.

Question 29

What happens from 18 to 24 months?

Answer 29

infants become able to form enduring mental representations, shown by deferred imitation

Question 30

deferred imitation

Answer 30

the repetition of other people’s behaviour a substantial time after it originally occurred.

Question 31

At 1 years old, the child is like a _________.

Answer 31

scientist, they explore the potential ways in which objects can be used.

Question 32

Symbolic representation

Answer 32

the use of one object to stand for another. - preoperational stage

Question 33

Egocentrism

Answer 33

the tendency to perceive the world solely from one’s own point of view.

Question 34

Limitations of preoperational stage

Answer 34

- egocentricism | - centration

Question 35

Centration

Answer 35

the tendency to focus on a single feature of something.

Question 36

Conservation concept

Answer 36

the idea that changing the appearance of objects does not necessarily change the objects’ other key properties. - Ex of centration.

Question 37

the formal operational stage is not ________, not all _______ reach it.

Answer 37

universal; adults

Question 38

Four weaknesses in Piaget’s theory

Answer 38

1. ) vague about mechanisms. 2. ) infants are more cognitively competent than recognized. 3. ) understates contribution of the social world 4. ) depicts children’s thinking as being more consistent than it is.

Question 39

Child centred approach

Answer 39

considering the various stages of cognitive processing to determine when information should be taught.

Question 40

Sociocultural theories

Answer 40

approaches that emphasize that other people and the surrounding culture contribute greatly to children’s development.

Question 41

Guided participation

Answer 41

a process in which more knowledgeable individuals organize activities in ways that allow less knowledgeable people to learn.

Question 42

Cultural tools

Answer 42

products of human creativity that enhance thinking.

Question 43

Vygotsky

Answer 43

emphasizes the impact of culture on a child’s cognitive development.

Question 44

________________ arising from the culture contribute to cognitive development.

Answer 44

language, writings, and concepts.

Question 45

Three phases of internalizing speech

Answer 45

1. ) Children’s behaviour is controlled by other people’s statements 2. ) Children’s behaviour is controlled by their own private speech. 3. ) Behaviour is controlled by thoughts.

Question 46

Private speech

Answer 46

children develop self-regulation and problem-solving abilities by telling themselves aloud what to do.

Question 47

Piaget vs Vygostky

Answer 47

Vgostky - children are social learners - gradual continuous changes - language & thoughts integrally related. Piaget - children understand world on their own - qualitative changes - language & thought are independent.

Question 48

Intersubjectivity

Answer 48

the mutual understanding that people share during communication. Ex: language learning.

Question 49

Joint attention

Answer 49

a process in which social partners intentionally focus on a common object.

Question 50

Social scaffolding

Answer 50

helps children learn more by working with a more advanced person to achieve their learning goals. - helps form autobiographical memories.

Question 51

autobiographical memories

Answer 51

memories of one’s own experiences

Question 52

Community-of-learners program

Answer 52

- education application of sociocultural theories. | - jigsaw approach