Chapter 5

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

The processing of basic information from the external world through the sense organs.

Question 2

Perception

Answer 2

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.

Question 3

Preferential technique

Answer 3

• method for studying visual attention in infants

- showing infants two objects at a time & measure preferance

Question 4

Habituation

Answer 4

Decline in response to an object.

Question 5

Visual acuity

Answer 5

Sharpness of visual discrimination

• simple versus complex pattern

Question 6

Contrast sensitivity

Answer 6

ability to detect differences in light and dark areas in a pattern

Question 7

Cones

Answer 7

Light-sensitive neurons that are highly concentrated in the fovea.

Question 8

Colour perception appears at

Answer 8

2 months of age

Question 9

Visual scanning

Answer 9

• Infants are attracted to moving stimuli.
• faces are the most preferred
• once infants babble, they fixate mostly on the mouth

Question 10

Face Perception

Answer 10

Preference for top-heavy stimuli (human faces monkey faces) as long as they are presented right side up

Question 11

Percepual narrowing

Answer 11

infants are better at discriminating amongst the kind of faces that are frequently experienced in their enviroment

Question 12

Perceptual constancy

Answer 12

tendency to see familiar objects as having standard shape, size, colour, etc regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance, or lighting

Question 13

Object segregation

Answer 13

The identification of separate objects in a visual array.

Question 14

Optical Expansion

Answer 14

• blinking response at 1 month.
• depends on maturation of the brain.
• cue for depth perception

Question 15

Binocular Disparity

Answer 15

The difference between the retinal image of an object in each eye that results in two slightly different signals being sent to the brain

Question 16

Stereopsis

Answer 16

The process by which the visual cortex combines the differing neural signals caused by binocular disparity

• at 4 months.

Question 17

Monocular Depth

Answer 17

The perceptual cues of depth that can be perceived by one eye alone

Question 18

Auditory Localization

Answer 18

Perception of the location of a sound source.

• improves as the infant grows.

Question 19

Music Perception

Answer 19

• infant-directed singing over infant-directed speech.

- consonant music over dissonant music.

Question 20

Taste and Smell

Answer 20

sensitivity to taste develops prenatally.

Question 21

Touch

Answer 21

• oral exploration is dominant in infants.

- 4 months, infants rub, touch and bang objects.

Question 22

Intermodal Perception

Answer 22

The combining of information from two or more sensory systems.

Question 23

Infants raised in ______ homes tend to show habituation faster.

Answer 23

bilingual

Question 24

Differentiation

Answer 24

when a skill becomes more sophisticated and broken into subsets

Question 25

Statistical learning

Answer 25

picking up information from the environment and detecting statistically predictable patterns.

Question 26

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 26

evokes a reflexive response ex: food

Question 27

Unconditional response

Answer 27

A reflexive response that is elicited by the UCS - ex: salivation

Question 28

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 28

The stimulus that is repeatedly paired with the UCS ex: bell

Question 29

Conditioned response

Answer 29

The originally reflexive response that comes to be elicited by the CS ex: salivation

Question 30

Instrumental/ Operant Conditioning

Answer 30

Learning the relation between one’s own behaviour and the consequences that result from it

Question 31

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 31

A reward that reliably follows a behaviour and increases the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated

Question 32

At what age do babies imitate facial expressions and start to imitate novel actions?

Answer 32

By 6 months

Question 33

Rational Learning

Answer 33

ability to use prior experiences to predict what will occur in the future.

Question 34

Active Learning

Answer 34

learning by acting on the world, rather than passively observing.

Question 35

Infants have ____ acuity, as cones are not fully _______.

Answer 35

low; developped

Question 36

infants prefer ______ hues over ______________

Answer 36

unique; hue combinations.

Question 37

Colour categorization is present before __________

Answer 37

language acquistion

Question 38

Is there evidence of colour categories in infants’ brains?

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

fovea

Answer 39

the central region of the retina

Question 40

At what age do infants track moving objects smoothly?

Answer 40

By 4 months

Question 41

empiricists

Answer 41

maintain that all knowledge arises from experience

Question 42

Can children have size constancy?

Answer 42

Yes

Question 43

_______ as a cue help to indicate boundaries between objects.

Answer 43

Motion

Question 44

Relative size

Answer 44

A retinal image of a smaller person is considered to be distant.

Question 45

Parallel lines

Answer 45

The convergence of lines in the distance

Question 46

Interposition

Answer 46

nearer objects block ones farther away.

Question 47

Regarding taste and smell, newborns prefer _____ flavours and the smell of _______.

Answer 47

sweet; breast milk.

Question 48

Infants can connect between ______ and _________.

Answer 48

sights; sounds

Question 49

Goldilocks effect

Answer 49

infants prefer patterns that have some variability over patterns that are very simple/complex.

Question 50

through positive reinforcement, infants work hard at learning to __________________.

Answer 50

predict and control their experience.

Question 51

Mirror neuron system

Answer 51

A brain area that is a potential locus for imitation - brain activation = mu rhythm.

Question 52

Imitation is based on an analysis of the person’s ______. Infants consider the ________ of the person.

Answer 52

intentions; credibility

Question 53

Violation-of-expectation paradigms

Answer 53

uses infants’ “surprise” at unexpected outcomes to draw inferences about their expectations.

Question 54

nativists

Answer 54

argue that key aspects of knowledge are innate.