Chapter 4 - Algae Flashcards
1
Q
Protists with Chloroplasts
A
Algae
2
Q
Plant-like protists
A
Algae
3
Q
Singular of Algae
A
Alga
4
Q
Study of Algae
A
Phycology
5
Q
The chloroplast of higher plants functions to produce ________
and store ________.
A
food (Photosynthesis); food
6
Q
The chloroplast of higher plants has _____________ and ___________ in the thylakoid.
A
double outer membranes; another membrane
7
Q
Algae are distinguished on a number of different characteristics:
- color of the plastids
- presence of flagella
- cell is surrounded by __________________
- cells are motile
- occur singly, in colonies, filaments, or multicellular
A
extracellular material
8
Q
Algae are distinguished on a number of different characteristics:
- color of the plastids
- presence of flagella
- cell is surrounded by extracellular material
- if the cells are ________ or not.
- occur singly, in colonies, filaments, or multicellular
A
motile
9
Q
Algae are distinguished on a number of different characteristics:
- color of the plastids
- presence of flagella
- cell is surrounded by extracellular material
- cells are motile
- occur _________, in __________, ____________, or ____________
A
singly; colonies; filaments; multicellular
10
Q
Algae are distinguished on a number of different characteristics:
- color of the plastids
- _____________________
- cell is surrounded by extracellular material
- cells are motile
- occur singly, in colonies, filaments, or multicellular
A
presence of flagella
11
Q
Algae are distinguished on a number of different characteristics:
- ___________________
- presence of flagella
- cell is surrounded by extracellular material
- cells are motile
- occur singly, in colonies, filaments, or multicellular
A
color of the plastids
12
Q
An example of a unicellular alga.
A
Lepocinclis oxyuris (Euglenida)
13
Q
An example of a multicellular red alga (Rhodophyta).
A
Kappaphycus alvarezii ‘guso’
14
Q
Are algae that live in the sea or in brackish water.
A
Seaweeds
15
Q
Algae that are almost exclusively marine.
A
Red and Brown Algae
16
Q
Are also common in freshwater (rivers and lakes), and even in terrestrial (rocks, walls, houses, and tree bark in damp places) areas.
A
Green Algae
17
Q
Are important as primary producers of organic matter at the base of the food chain.
A
Algae
18
Q
They provide oxygen for other aquatic life.
A
Algae
19
Q
Is used for fertilizer / soil amendments
A
Miscellaneous species of Kelps (Brown algae), e.g. Laminaria, Macrocystis
20
Q
Is used for sewage treatment to remove inorganic nutrients and toxins
A
Unicellular freshwater Chlorophyta and other micro- and
macroalgae.
21
Q
Is used for filters / Rubbing compounds (polish) / Pest control
(fleas)
A
Diatoms in the form of Diatomaceous earth (diatomite)
22
Q
Various forms of Algae (4)
A
Unicellular
Colonial
Filamentous
Multicellular
23
Q
3 groups according to pigmentation:
A
green algae
red algae
brown algae
24
Q
How many species are there in Division Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)?
A
1500
25
What are the largest species in Division Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)?
Kelps
26
They have chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and carotenoids, including the yellow-brown fucoxanthin in their chloroplasts.
Brown Algae
27
What is the main energy reserve of brown algae?
Laminarin (a carbohydrate)
28
Brown algae are commercially important for the presence of ________, used as thickener and stabilizing agent in ice creams, marshmallows, toothpastes, shaving creams, hair sprays, and hand lotions
Algin
29
Is used as food and are a rich source of certain vitamins and of minerals such as iodine.
Brown Algae
30
___________ are one source of the antiseptic
tincture of iodine.
Brown Algae
31
How do brown algae reproduce?
Sexually
32
Most of them spend a portion of their lives as haploid organisms and a portion as diploid organisms.
Brown Algae
33
Both of their asexual zoospores (asexual spore) and sexual gametes are biflagellated
Brown Algae
34
In brown algae, both of their asexual zoospores (asexual spore) and sexual gametes are ___________.
biflagellated
35
They are common in cooler marine waters, especially along rocky coastlines
Brown Algae
36
____________ form extensive underwater “forests” and are essential in that ecosystem as the primary producer of food
Kelps
37
__________ also provide habitats for many marine invertebrates, fishes, and mammals such as sea otters.
Kelp beds
38
A succession of haploid and diploid phases
Brown Algae Life Cycle
39
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
1. ____________ produce a multicellular haploid thallus
Spores
40
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
2. The ____________ produces isogamous gametes.
thallus
41
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
3. _____________: two gametes meet and a diploid zygote is formed
Fertilization
42
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
4. The _________ then gives rise to a multicellular diploid structure, which in some
cases is indistinguishable from the haploid structure
zygote
43
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
4. The zygote then gives rise to a __________________, which in some
cases is indistinguishable from the haploid structure
multicellular diploid structure
44
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
5. The ________________ produces haploid spores through meiosis
diploid thallus
45
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
5. The diploid thallus produces __________ through meiosis
haploid spores
46
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
5. The diploid thallus produces haploid spores through _____________
meiosis
47
Brown Algae Life Cycle:
1. Spores produce a ______________
multicellular haploid thallus
48
Types of Asexual Reproduction (3):
isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy
49
Types of Asexual Reproduction:
Gametes appear identical and both are small and motile
Isogamy
50
Types of Asexual Reproduction:
Gametes are in dissimilar size.
Anisogamy
51
Types of Asexual Reproduction:
Large, immotile female gametes are with
small, motile male gametes.
Oogamy
52
How many genera are there in Division Rhodophyta (Red Algae)?
600
53
How many species are there in Division Rhodophyta (Red Algae)?
5500
54
How many species of red algae are in freshwater habitats?
10%
55
_____ marine species with tropical sites predominantly red algae.
90%
56
What pigments do red algae possess?
Chlorophyll a and phycobilins
57
Pigments that are assembled into a phycobilisome.
Phycobilins
58
Red algae are ecologically significant as:
* ________________
* Provide structural habitat for other marine
organisms and their important role in the
primary establishment and maintenance of
coral reefs
* Providers of food and gels
Primary Producers
59
Red algae are ecologically significant as:
* Primary producers
* Provide ____________ for other marine
organisms and their important role in the
primary establishment and maintenance of
coral reefs
* Providers of food and gels
structural habitat
60
Red algae are ecologically significant as:
* Primary producers
* Provide structural habitat for other marine
organisms and their important role in the
____________________________ of coral reefs
* Providers of food and gels
primary establishment and maintenance
61
Red algae are ecologically significant as:
* Primary producers
* Provide structural habitat for other marine
organisms and their important role in the
primary establishment and maintenance of
coral reefs
* Providers of ____________
food and gel
62
The Philippines is the leading supplier of ____________ accounting for about 80% of total world supply.
Eucheuma seaweed
63
The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about ____ of total world supply.
80%
64
The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.
In 2000:
_______________ accounted for 53%
Southern Tagalog (23%),
and Western Mindanao (17%).
Tawi-tawi and Sulu
65
The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.
In 2000:
Tawi-tawi and Sulu accounted for ____.
Southern Tagalog (23%),
and Western Mindanao (17%).
53%
66
The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.
In 2000:
Tawi-tawi and Sulu accounted for 53%
_______________ (23%),
and Western Mindanao (17%).
Southern Tagalog
67
The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.
In 2000:
Tawi-tawi and Sulu accounted for 53%.
Southern Tagalog (____),
and Western Mindanao (17%).
23%
68
The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.
In 2000:
Tawi-tawi and Sulu accounted for 53%
Southern Tagalog (23%),
and _______________ (17%).
Western Mindanao
69
The Philippines is the leading supplier of Eucheuma seaweed accounting for about 80% of total world supply.
In 2000:
Tawi-tawi and Sulu accounted for 53%
Southern Tagalog (23%),
and Western Mindanao (_____).
17%
70
The Philippine seaweed production increased at an average rate of _____ annually from 284,000 tons (Php1B) in 1991 to 618,000 tons
(Php1.9B) in 2000.
9.4%
71
It is estimated that ____________ families are directly dependent on seaweed culture
180,000
72
Manufactured Phytocolloid Carageenan come from the extract of ______________.
Eucheuma (guso)
73
__________________________ come from the extract of Eucheuma (Guso)
Manufactured Phytocolloid Carageenan
74
Used to manufacture surgical jellies and ointment
Red Algae
75
Is also an essential ingredient in pudding, frosting and baker jellies for emulsification and improvement of its texture.
Red Algae
76
An important stabilizer for ice cream, confectioners, syrups and thickener for
soup and related products.
Red Algae
77
How is the chloroplast constructed?
____________ do not stack at all; they form no grana. Chloroplast is enclosed by double membranes
Thylakoids
78
How is the chloroplast constructed?
Thylakoids do not stack at all; they form _________. Chloroplast is enclosed by double membranes
no grana
79
How is the chloroplast constructed?
Thylakoids do not stack at all; they form no grana. ___________ is enclosed by double membranes
Chloroplast
80
How is the chloroplast constructed?
Thylakoids do not stack at all; they form no grana. Chloroplast is enclosed by ____________
double membranes
81
This starch lacks the amylose unbranched portion of "starch".
Floridean starch
82
Simplest cell construction of unicellular red alga (no sexual reproduction; non-flagellated)
Porphyridium
83
A multicellular red alga
Polysiphonia
84
Female organ
carpogonium
85
Most of the red algae in the wall of separation between adjacent cells contain communications called ______________.
Pit connections
86
Are unique cell connections found in almost all red algae
Pit connections
87
Can be defined as the opening in the cell wall between two cells which is filled in by a plug and a plug cap.
Pit connections
88
Pit connections can be defined as the opening in the cell wall between two cells which is filled in by a ______ and a _________.
plug; cap plug
89
Pit connections can form either during __________, primary pit connections, or between secondary pit connections.
cell division
90
Pit connections can form either during cell division, ___________________, or between secondary pit connections.
primary pit connections
91
Pit connections can form either during cell division, primary pit connections, or between ________________________.
secondary pit connections
92
Pit connections can form either during ____________, _________________, or ___________________.
cell division; primary pit connections; between secondary pit connections
93
Traditionally the red algae were divided into two Classes the __________________ and Florideophyceae
Bangiophyceae
94
Traditionally the red algae were divided into two Classes: the Bangiophyceae and ___________________
Florideophyceae
95
Traditionally the red algae were divided into two Classes: the __________________ and __________________.
Bangiophyceae; Florideophyceae
96
Based on ultrastructure and molecular evidence the Bangiophyceae is now accepted as a _____________ group
paraphyletic
97
Florideophyceae is considered to be ________________ based on two synapomorphic characters - presence of a filamentous gonimoblast (spore-bearing filament) and tetrasporangia (spore generating structure-produces 4 haploid spores)
monophyletic
98
Florideophyceae is considered to be monophyletic based on two synapomorphic characters - presence of a ____________________ (spore-bearing filament) and tetrasporangia (spore generating structure-produces 4 haploid spores)
filamentous gonimoblast
99
Florideophyceae is considered to be monophyletic based on two synapomorphic characters - presence of a filamentous gonimoblast (spore-bearing filament) and ______________ (spore generating structure-produces 4 haploid spores)
tetraspongia
100
___________________ is considered to be monophyletic based on two synapomorphic characters - presence of a filamentous gonimoblast (spore-bearing filament) and tetrasporangia (spore generating structure-produces 4 haploid spores)
Florideophyceae
101
Has no flagellated stages
Division Rhodophyta
102
Subclass Florideophycidae
-has __________________
-has complex growth forms
pit connections
103
Subclass Florideophycidae
-has pit connections
-has __________________
complex growth forms
104
Subclass Florideophycidae
-has ________________
-has ________________
pit connections; complex growth forms
105
Subclass ________________
- have unicellular forms
- have uninucleated cells
- no pit connections
- no true sexual reproduction
Bangiophycidae
106
Subclass Bangiophycidae
- have ________________
- have uninucleated cells
- no pit connections
- no true sexual reproduction
unicellular forms
107
Subclass Bangiophycidae
- have unicellular forms
- have ________________
- no pit connections
- no true sexual reproduction
uninucleated cells
108
Subclass Bangiophycidae
- have unicellular forms
- have uninucleated cells
- ___________________
- no true sexual reproduction
no pit connections
109
Subclass Bangiophycidae
- have unicellular forms
- have uninucleated cells
- no pit connections
- ____________________
no true sexual reproduction
110
Subclass Bangiophycidae
- ____________________
- ____________________
- ____________________
- ____________________
have unicellular forms; have uninucleated cells; no pit connections; no true sexual reproduction
111
Subclass Bangiophycidae
- ____________________
- ____________________
- ____________________
- ____________________
have unicellular forms; have uninucleated cells; no pit connections; no true sexual reproduction
112
How many genera are there in Division Chlorophyta (Green Algae)?
450
113
How many species are there in Division Chlorophyta (Green Algae)?
7000
114
Has chlorophylls a and b, carotene, xanthophyll
Green Algae
115
The cell wall of green algae is composed __________ and _________
cellulose; pectins
116
Some species have flagella (gametes or spores)
Green Algae
117
Some species of Green Algae have __________ (gametes or spores)
flagella
118
90 % of Green Algae species are found in ________________
freshwater habitats
119
________ of Green Algae species are found in freshwater habitats
90%
120
10 % of marine Green Algae species are predominantly __________
tropical
121
________ of marine Green Algae species are predominantly tropical
10%
122
TRUE OR FALSE: Green Algae are morphologically diverse
True
123
TRUE OR FALSE: Pyrenoids occur in most species
True
124
___________ occur in most species of Green Algae
Pyrenoids
125
___________ are proteinaceous regions of the chloroplast found in algae and some bryophytes but not in higher plants.
Pyrenoids
126
Pyrenoids are proteinaceous regions of the chloroplast found in _______ and some _________ but not in __________.
algae; bryophytes; higher plants
127
Site for CO2 fixation, storage of starch and proteins
Pyrenoids
128
Class ULVOPHYCEAE:
- Occur mostly in _____________
- Have siphonous thallus
- Alternation of generation (sporic type) is
common
marine habitat
129
Class ULVOPHYCEAE:
- Occur mostly in marine habitat
- Have _________ thallus
- Alternation of generation (sporic type) is
common
siphonous
130
Class ULVOPHYCEAE:
- Occur mostly in marine habitat
- Have siphonous thallus
- ______________________ is common
Alternation of generation (sporic type)
131
Sea lettuce
Ulva lactuca
132
Ulva lactuca
* Flat _______________ made up of two-cell thick parenchyma-like tissue.
* Cells are siphonous; have no crosswalls or septa.
* Thallus- plant body of algae, fungi, and other lower organisms
leaf -like thallus
133
Ulva lactuca
* Flat leaf-like thallus made up of two-cell thick parenchyma-like tissue.
* Cells are ___________; have no crosswalls or septa.
* Thallus- plant body of algae, fungi, and other lower organisms
siphonous
134
Ulva lactuca
* Flat leaf-like thallus made up of two-cell thick parenchyma-like tissue.
* Cells are siphonous; have no crosswalls or septa.
* ________ - plant body of algae, fungi, and other lower organisms
Thallus
135
‘lato’, sea grapes
Caulerpa lentillifera
136
non-branching filamentous green alga
Ulothrix
137
branching filamentous alga
Cladophora
138
mermaid’s wineglass
Acetabularia crenulata
139
Class CHAROPHYCEAE
- Includes ___________ (Closterium, Cosmarium),
- filamentous (Spirogyra)
- and plant-like (Chara)
members
unicellular
140
Class CHAROPHYCEAE
- Includes unicellular (__________, ___________),
- filamentous (Spirogyra)
- and plant-like (Chara)
members
Closterium, Cosmarium
141
Class CHAROPHYCEAE
- Includes unicellular (Closterium, Cosmarium),
- _____________ (Spirogyra)
- and plant-like (Chara)
members
filamentous
142
Class CHAROPHYCEAE
- Includes unicellular (Closterium, Cosmarium),
- filamentous (_____________)
- and plant-like (Chara)
members
Spirogyra
143
Class CHAROPHYCEAE
- Includes unicellular (Closterium, Cosmarium),
- filamentous (Spirogyra)
- and ____________ (Chara)
members
plant-like
144
Class CHAROPHYCEAE
- Includes unicellular (Closterium, Cosmarium),
- filamentous (Spirogyra)
- and plant-like (_______)
members
Chara
145
________ is a single-celled alga whose cell is deeply divided by a short isthmus
Cosmarium
146
Cosmarium is a single-celled alga whose cell is deeply divided by a short __________
isthmus
147
__________ cells are elongated usually crescent-shaped and rarely straight. Some are quite straight and needle-like, while
others are much broader with
curved ends.
Closterium
148
__________ moves in a somersaulting motion by secreting mucilage from alternating ends of the cell
Closterium
149
Closterium moves in a somersaulting motion by secreting ________ from alternating ends of the cell
mucilage
150
Closterium moves in a ________________ by secreting mucilage from alternating ends of the cell
somersaulting motion
151
The __________ is located in the center of the cell between the chloroplasts.
nucleus
152
Found in ponds, pools, and lakes. Commonly
called aquatic horsetail
Chara
153
Chara are found in ponds, pools, and lakes, and are commonly called __________
aquatic horsetail
154
Contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis (photoautotrophic)
Unicellular Alga
155
Wherein accessory pigments help absorb light, giving algae a variety of colors
Unicellular Alga
156
The chloroplast often turns red due to pigment _________ when conditions
become unfavorable.
astaxanthin
157
Volvox forms a ________ colony
spherical
158
A member of the carotenoid family, is a dark-red pigment which is the main carotenoid found in the marine world of algae and aquatic animals.
Astaxanthin
159
Astaxanthin is commercially produced from the microalga __________, the richest known natural source for ASTAXANTHIN.
Haematococcus pluvialis
160
Is a powerful antioxidant and can serve as a potent free-radical scavenger.
Astaxanthin
161
has been found to provide many essential biological functions,
including protection against lipid-membrane peroxidation of
essential polyunsaturated fatty acids and proteins, DNA damage and
UV light effects; it also plays an important role in immunological
defense.
Astaxanthin
162
CLOROPHYTES HAVE MAJOR LIFE CYCLES:
SPORIC MEIOSIS
GAMETIC MEIOSIS
ZYGOTIC MEIOSIS
163
Increasingly complex adult morphologies and intermediate life history
Sporic Meiosis
164
* Most similar to fungal life cycle
Zygotic Meiosis
165
In ____________ the
multicellular diploid phase
undergoes meiosis and
produces gametes directly,
not spores.
gametic meiosis
166
Similar to animal life cycle
gametic meiosis
