Chapter 4 and 5 Flashcards by Ken Valdellana

It is the scientific study of how human
thinks, feel, and behave.

Psychology

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what are the four goals of psychology

describe, explain, predict, modify

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One of the goals of psychology “what the person is doing”

Describe

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One of the goals of psychology “why is s/he doing that”

Explain

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One of the goals of psychology “what is he doing to do”

Predict

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One of the goals of psychology “how can we change the behavior”

Modify

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“of relating to, being, or involving conscious intellectual activity”

Cognitive

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A Swiss clinical psychologist who
pioneered the Theory of Cognitive
Development .
-The theory deals with the nature of
knowledge itself; and how humans
gradually come to acquire and use it

Jean Piaget

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For him, cognitive development is a progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from biological maturation and environmental experience

Piaget

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what are the basic component’s of Piaget’s cognitive theory?

Schemas, adaptation, stages of cognitive development

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Basic components of Piaget’s cognitive theory which mental organizations used to understand the environment

Schemas

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Basic components of Piaget’s cognitive theory which a child’s process in encountering situational conditions

Adaptation

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Basic components of Piaget’s cognitive theory that focused on the growing expertise of child’s thought process

Stages of Cognitive development

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It is the process of getting new information that is already active in our schemas. This operation is somewhat subjective for the reason we tend to change information and experiences that could fit in with our pre-existing beliefs

Assimilation

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It is procedure known as a part of adaptation involves that altering or changing the existing schemas, as a result of a new experiences and information. During this process, a new schema might be developed.

Accommodation

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Stages of Cognitive Theory

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational

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Knowledge is through senses (tasting, seeing, smelling, touching, hearing)
Object permanence develops between to 4-9 months

Sensorimotor

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Verbal and egocentric thinking develop
Can do mentally what one could only do physically
Conservation of shape, number, liquid not yet possible

Preoperational

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Conservation of shape, number, liquid are now possible
Logic and reasoning develop, but are limited to

Concrete Operational

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Abstract reasoning - principles and ideals develop
Systematic problem solving is now possible ( no longer just trial and error)
Ability to think about and reflect upon one’s thinking (metacognition)
Scientific reasoning

Formal Operational

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The ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed

Object permanence

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Believing that inanimate objects are alive

Animistic thinking

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Not being capable of seeing things from another person’s perspective

Egocentrism

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Recognition that when some properties (such as shape) of an object change, other properties ( such as volume) remain constant

Conservation

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He is the father of psychoanalysis. He is famous for his work on human nature and the unconscious

Sigmund Freud

pertains to our current thoughts, what we sense and think at the present. Freud did not delve in this level as he believes that it has minimal influence in our behavior.

Conscious

contains the thoughts that we can bring into our consciousness easily or with needed effort. These thoughts came from: * Conscious Perception and Unconscious

Preconscious

contains our instincts, wishes and desires that drives our behavior. It is the focus of psychoanalytic theory * Repressed Experiences

Unconscious

* A person’s personality develops in early childhood * First 4-5 years of life; most crucial in personality formation; 'formative years * Defined by erogenous zone * Conflict must be resolved to move to the next stage

Psychosexual stages

psychic energy remains invested on one stage leaving less energy for the next stage

Fixation

* areas of the body that are sensitive to pleasant and sensual feelings which gives rise to feelings of pleasure/ sexual feeling when stimulated * each region/zone is the center of conflict in different stages in the life of the infant/childhood

Erogenous zones

* pleasurable activities: sucking; biting; swallowing; feeding * primary object of the libido: mother/ primary caregiver

Oral stage

oral passive personality (gullible, passive, needs a lot of attention, substance addiction)

Oral incorporative

oral aggressive personality (adults who are aggressive and like to argue)

Oral aggressive or oral sadistic

* pleasurable activities: retention of feces and willful defecation * toilet training: gratification of instinctual impulse (defecation) is interfered; regulating time and place of defecation * two ways the child reacts to toilet training:

Anal stage

anal aggressive personality (disorderly, messy, destructive, cruel)

Anal expulsion

anal retentive personality (stubborn, stingy, orderly, and compulsively clean) OCD and OCPD

Anal retention

pleasurable activities: exploring and manipulating genitals (masturbation) * Development of an individual’s personality (depends greatly on the child’s identification with the parent)

Phallic stage

evidence of strong narcissism ; difficulty in establishing mature relationships

Phallic personality

* “safest stage” * sex instinct/urges are quiet and dormant * sublimation: school activities, sports, and hobbies; developing friendships * libido is transformed in acceptable activities * developing friendship with the same sex

Latency stage

* Genital personality: Freud's ideal of full development; person enjoys a satisfying adult sexuality; capable of genuine love; loving others for altruistic reasons * Psychological maturity: attained if a person has passed through the earlier developmental periods in an ideal manner

Genital stage

Freud's ideal of full development; person enjoys a satisfying adult sexuality; capable of genuine love; loving others for altruistic reasons

Genital personality

attained if a person has passed through the earlier developmental periods in an ideal manner

Psychological maturity

Elaborated on the emergence of self-concept and asserted that the wide developmental changes is observed across: early childhood, later childhood, adolescence, emerging adults

Dr. Susan Harter

What are the two important concepts of self by Dr. Susan Harter?

Self-esteem and self-concept

What are the development of self concept according to Harter?

Early childhood Middle to Later childhood Adolescence Emerging adults

Development of self concept which child describe the self in terms of concrete and observable characteristics

Early childhood

Development of self concept which self is described in terms of trait-like constructs (e.g. shy, behaved, timid)

Middle to later childhood

Development of self concept which emergence of more abstract self-definitions, such as inner thoughts, emotions, attitudes, & motives

Adolescence

Development of self concept that's having a vision of “possible self”.

Emerging adults

Father of American Psychology His ground-breaking masterpiece was “The Principle of Psychology. He asserted that self lies at the center of mental life.

William James

The pure ego. The subjective self that is aware of its own actions. ➢A sense of being the agent of behavior ➢ A sense of being unique ➢ A sense of continuity ➢ A sense of awareness of being aware

I-self

The object. The self you can describe, based on observation and experience

Me-self

An American psychologist who was one of the founders of humanistic approach to psychology. He asserted that all behavior is motivated by self actualizing tendencies and these drive you to reach your potential.

Carl Rogers

Emphasized the active role of the individual in shaping their internal and external worlds

Humanistic

A person is an active, creative, experiencing being who lives in the present and has a basic instinct to succeed at his highest capacity

Actualizing Tendency

 includes such basic needs as food, air, and safety; but it also includes the tendency to resist change and to seek the status quo.

Need for Maintenance

 people’s willingness to learn things that are not immediately rewarding  are expressed in a variety of forms, including curiosity, playfulness, self-exploration, friendship, and confidence  animals and plants have an inherent tendency to grow toward reaching their genetic potential— provided certain conditions are present.

Need for Enhancement

What are the two subsystems of self?

Self concept Ideal self

 all those aspects of one’s being and one’s experiences that are perceived in awareness (though not always accurately) by the individual.

Self concept

 one’s view of self as one wishes to be.  A wide gap between the ideal self and the self-concept indicates incongruence and an unhealthy personality

Ideal self

Conditions to achieve actualizing tendency

Congruence, unconditional positive regard, empathy

Developed his transactional analysis method as a basis for understanding behavior. 1. Every person has three (3) parts called ego states in his/her personality 2. People communicate with one another assuming roles of any of these ego states

Eric Berne

Behaviors, thoughts and feelings copied from parents and parent figures

Parent ego state

Behaviors, thought and feelings are direct responses to here and now

Adult ego state

Behaviours, thoughts and feelings are replayed from childhood

Child ego state

developmental psychologists, asserted that children are very adjusted to their parents’ feelings and needs. They unconsciously acknowledge that they need their parents’ permission in order to survive, so they strive to meet their needs as much as possible

John Bowlby & Donald Winnicott

CONCEPT OF SELF by Bowlby and Winnicott

True self and false self

FALSE SELF by Bowlby and Winnicott

Healthy self and unhealthy self

* One which allows someone to be functional in the society * Still connected with the true self

healthy self

One that fits into society through forced compliance rather than a desire to adapt

Unhealthy self

Changed its behavior, inhibited feelings, and forced needs aside in order to survive

False self

Chapter 4 and 5 Flashcards

(72 cards)