CHAPTER 4 (birth and physical development during the first 3 years)

Question 1

The act or process of giving birth.

Answer 1

parturition

Question 2

The birth process consists of three stages: (1) dilation of the cervix, (2) descent and emergence of the baby, and (3) expulsion of the umbilical cord and the placenta.

Answer 2

hehe

Question 3

Delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus.

Answer 3

cesarean delivery

Question 4

Method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother’s fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery.

Answer 4

natural childbirth

Question 5

Method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain.

Answer 5

prepared childbirth

Question 6

An experienced mentor who furnishes emotional support and information for a woman during labor.

Answer 6

doula

Question 7

First 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence.

Answer 7

neonatal period

Question 8

Newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old.

Answer 8

neonate

Question 9

Condition, in many newborn babies, caused by immaturity of liver and evidenced by yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly.

Answer 9

neonatal jaundice

Question 10

Neurological and behavioral test to measure neonate’s responses to the environment.

Answer 10

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

Question 11

Standard measurement of a newborn’s condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.

Answer 11

Apgar scale

Question 12

An infant’s physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity.

Answer 12

state of arousal

Question 13

Weight of less than 51⁄2 pounds (2,500 grams) at birth because of prematurity or being small-for-date.

Answer 13

low-birth-weight babies

Question 14

Infants born before completing the 37th week of gestation.

Answer 14

preterm (premature) infants

Question 15

Infants whose birth weight is less than that of 90 percent of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth.

Answer 15

small-for-date (small-for- gestational age) infants

Question 16

Who Is Likely to Have a Low-Birth-Weight Baby?
(1)demographic and socioeconomic factors, (2) medical factors predating the pregnancy, (3) prenatal behavioral and environmental factors(4) medical conditions associated with the pregnancy,

Answer 16

REMEMBER!!!

Question 17

Method of skin-to-skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother’s breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth.

Answer 17

kangaroo care

Question 18

Influences that reduce the impact of potentially negative influences and tend to predict positive outcomes.

Answer 18

protective factors

Question 19

A fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother’s last menstrual period.

Answer 19

postmature

Question 20

Death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation.

Answer 20

stillbirth

Question 21

Proportion of babies born alive who die within the 1st year.

Answer 21

infant mortality rate

Question 22

Sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant.

Answer 22

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Question 23

Principle that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction, that is, that upper parts of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk.

Answer 23

cephalocaudal principle

Question 24

Principle that development proceeds from within to without, that is, that parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities.

Answer 24

proximodistal principle

Question 25

Process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups.

Answer 25

integration

Question 26

Process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions.

Answer 26

differentiation

Question 27

Automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation.

Answer 27

reflex behaviors

Question 28

-Baby is dropped or hears loud noise. -Extends legs, arms, and fingers, arches back, draws back head.

Answer 28

Moro

Question 29

-Palm of baby’s hand is stroked. -Makes strong fist; can be raised to standing position if both fists are closed around a stick.

Answer 29

Darwinian (grasping)

Question 30

-Baby is laid down on back. -Turns head to one side, assumes fencer position, extends arm and leg on preferred side, flexes opposite limbs

Answer 30

Tonic neck

Question 31

-Both of baby’s palms are stroked at once. -Mouth opens, eyes close, neck flexes, head tilts forward.

Answer 31

Babkin

Question 32

-Sole of baby’s foot is stroked. -Toes fan out; foot twists in.

Answer 32

Babinski

Question 33

- Baby’s cheek or lower lip is stroked with finger or nipple. -Head turns; mouth opens; sucking movements begin.

Answer 33

Rooting

Question 34

-Baby is held under arms, with bare feet touching flat surface. -Makes steplike motions that look like well-coordinated walking

Answer 34

Walking

Question 35

-Baby is put into water face down. -Makes well-coordinated swimming movements.

Answer 35

Swimming

Question 36

Increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment.

Answer 36

systems of action

Question 37

Screening test given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are developing normally.

Answer 37

Denver Developmental Screening Test

Question 38

Physical skills that involve the large muscles.

Answer 38

gross motor skills

Question 39

Physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination.

Answer 39

fine motor skills

Question 40

Use of the eyes to guide movements of the hands or other parts of the body.

Answer 40

visual guidance

Question 41

Ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally.

Answer 41

depth perception

Question 42

Ability to acquire information about properties of objects, such as size, weight, and texture, by handling them.

Answer 42

haptic perception

Question 43

Apparatus designed to give an illusion of depth and used to assess depth perception in infants.

Answer 43

visual cliff

Question 44

Theory developed by Eleanor and James Gibson, which describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior in varying contexts.

Answer 44

ecological theory of perception

Question 45

Esther Thelen’s theory, which holds that motor development is a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple systems within the infant in relation to the environment.

Answer 45

dynamic systems theory (DST)