Chapter 4: Body Structure Flashcards
1
Q
Chromatin
A
A structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins.
2
Q
Chromosome
A
Thread-like structures within the nucleus composed of DNA that carries hereditary information encoded in genes.
3
Q
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A
Molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy when the cell divides.
4
Q
Metabolsim
A
Sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism.
5
Q
Organelle
A
Cell structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus (reproduction), ribosomes (protein analysis), Golgi apparatus (removal of material from the cell), and lysosomes (digestion).
6
Q
5 Levels of Organization
A
Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organisms
7
Q
Cells
A
1) Smallest structural, and functional unit of life.
2) Perform all activities associated with life.
3 main structures: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
8
Q
Cytology
A
Study of the body at the cellular level.
9
Q
Cell Membrane
A
Acts as a barrier that supports and protects intracellular contents.
10
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Jelly-like matrix of proteins, salts, water, and dissolved gases and nutrients. Cytoplasm contains the cell’s organelles.
11
Q
Organelle
A
Perform specific functions of the cell, such as reproduction and digestion.
12
Q
Nucleus
A
Responsible for cell metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
13
Q
Chromatin
A
Thread-like structures formed by DNA, located in the nucleus.
14
Q
Chromosomes
A
Formed by chromatin when the cell is ready to divide. Each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes that determine an organisms genetic make up (with the exception of female ovum and male spermatozoa).
15
Q
Tissues
A
Composed of similar cells that perform specialized or common functions.
16
Q
Histology
A
The study of tissues.
17
Q
4 Types of Tissues:
A
Epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous.
18
Q
Epithelial Tissue
A
Covers the surfaces of organs, lines body cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides the secreting portion of glands, and makes up the epidermis.
Composed of cells arranged in a continuous sheet, consisting of 1 or more layers.
19
Q
Connective Tissue
A
Supports and connects other body tissues.
Types: cartilage, adipose (fat), bone, elastic fiber, and even blood.
20
Q
Muscle Tissue
A
Provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement.
21
Q
Nervous Tissue
A
Transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body.
22
Q
Organs
A
Body structures that perform specialized functions, composed of 2 or more tissue types.
23
Q
Organ Systems
A
Composed of a varying number of organs and accessory structures that have a similar or related function.
24
Q
Organism
A
Highest level of organization; complete living entity capable of independent existence; made of several body systems that work together to sustain life.
25
Anatomical Position
Body posture used as a position of reference to ensure uniformity and consistency in locating parts of the body. Body is erect, facing forward, arms at the sides, palms forward, feet parallel.
26
Plane
Imaginary flat surface that divides the body into 2 sections. These serve as points of reference to identify the different sections of the body.
27
Coronal (Frontal) Plane
Divides the body into anterior/posterior sections.
28
Transverse (Horizonal) Plane
Divides the body into top and bottom sections.
29
Midsagittal Plane
Runs through the center of the body, dividing it into right and left halves.
30
Directional terms do what?
Help indicate the position of structures, surfaces, and regions of the body. Identify the locations of diseases, injuries, or surgical sites.
31
Anterior (ventral)
Front of the body.
32
Posterior (Dorsal)
Back of the body.
33
Superior (Cephalad)
Toward the head/upper portion of a structure.
34
Inferior (Caudal)
Away from the head or toward the tail/lower part of the structure.
35
Lateral
Pertaining to a side.
36
Medial
Pertaining to the midline of the body or structure.
37
Abduction
Movement away from the midsagittal plane.
38
Adduction
Movement toward the midsagittal plane.
39
Proximal
Nearer to the center (trunk) of the body, or from the point of attachment to the body.
40
Distal
Further from the center (trunk) of the body, or from the point of attachment to the body.
41
Parietal
Pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity.
42
Visceral
Pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs (especially the abdominal organs).
43
Prone
Lying on the abdomen (face down).
44
Supine
Lying horizontally on the back, face up.
45
Inversion
Turning inward or inside out.
46
Eversion
Turning outward.
47
Palmar
Pertaining to the palm of the hand.
48
Plantar
Pertaining to the sole of the foot.
49
Superficial
Toward the surface of the body (external).
50
Deep
Away from the surface of the body (internal).
51
Body Cavities
Spaces in the body that hold, separate, protect, and support intestinal organs.
52
Dorsal Cavity
Located on the back of the body (posterior). Divided into cranial and spinal cavities. Continuous, no wall separates the cranial and spinal cavities.
53
Cranial Cavity
Formed by the skull, contains the brain.
54
Spinal Cavity
Formed by the spine, contains the spinal cord.
55
Meninges
Membranes that line the dorsal cavity and cover the brain/spinal cord.
56
Ventral
Located at the front of the body (anterior). Divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
57
Diaphragm
Separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
58
Thoracic Cavity
Contains the heart and lungs.
59
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
60
Abdominal Cavity
Contains the liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys.
61
Pelvic Cavity
Contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs.
62
Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Divides the abdominopelvic cavity into sections to describe the location of organs.
63
Quadrants (4)
RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, and LLQ.
64
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Contains the right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestines.
65
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Contains part of the large and small intestines, appendix, right ovary, right fallopian tube, and right ureter.
66
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Contains the left lobe of the liver, stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, and part of the large and small intestines.
67
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Contains part of the large and small intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, and left ureter.
68
Regions (9)
Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal (iliac), hypogastric, and left inguinal (iliac).
69
Right Hypochondriac
Upper, right, lateral region beneath the ribs.
70
Epigastric
Upper middle region.
71
Left Hypochondriac
Upper, left, lateral region beneath the ribs.
72
Right Lumbar
Middle, right, lateral region.
73
Umbilical
Region of the navel.
74
Left Lumbar
Middle, left, lateral region.
75
Right Inguinal (Iliac)
Right, lower, lateral region.
76
Hypogastric
Lower middle region.
77
Left Inguinal (Iliac)
Left, lower, lateral region.
78
Spine
Also known as the vertebral column or backbone, composed of 26 vertebrae and connective tissue to form a flexible, curved structure.
79
Divisions of the Spine
```
Cervical (7) - neck
Thoracic (12) - chest
Lumbar (5) - loin
Sacrum - low back
Coccyx - tailbone
```
80
cyt/o
Cell
cyt/o/logist: specialist in the study of cells
81
hist/o
Tissue
hist/o/logy: Study of tissue
82
kary/o
nucle/o
Nucleus
kary/o/lysis: results in the destruction of cells
nucle/ar: pertaining to the nucleus
83
anter/o
Anterior, front
anter/ior: pertaining to the front.
84
caud/o
Tail
caud/ad: Toward the tail
85
cephal/o
Head
cephal/ad: Toward the head
86
dist/o
Far, farthest
dist/al: pertaining to far
87
dors/o
Back (of body)
dors/al: pertaining to the back of the body.
88
infer/o
Lower, below
infer/ior: pertaining to below
89
later/o
Side, to one side
later/al: pertaining to one side.
90
Medi/o
Middle
medi/ad: toward the middle
91
poster/o
Back (of body), behind, posterior
poster/ior: pertaining to the back of the body
92
proxim/o
near, nearest
proximal: pertaining to near
93
ventr/o
belly, belly side
ventr/al: pertaining to the belly
94
albin/o
leuk/o
white
albin/ism: condition of white (skin/pigments)
leuk/o/cyte: white blood cell
95
chrom/o
color
heter/o/chrom/ic: pertaining to different color.
96
cirrh/o
jaund/o
xanth/o
yellow
cirrh/osis: abnormal condition of yellow
jaund/ice: pertaining to yellow.
xanth/oma: yellow tumor (nodule composed of lipid material)
97
cyan/o
blue
cyan/o/tic: pertaining to blue
98
erythr/o
red
erythr/o/cyte: red blood cell
99
melan/o
black
melan/oma: black tumor
100
poli/o
gray; gray matter
poli/o/myel/itis: inflammation of bone matter in the brain and spinal cord.
101
radi/o
radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on the thumb side)
radi/o/logist: specialist in the study of radiation/x-rays.
102
tom/o
to cut
tom/o/graphy: process of recording cuts
103
viscer/o
internal organs
viscer/al: pertaining to internal organs
104
- ar
| - ic
pertaining to
lumb/ar: pertaining to the low back.
gastr/ic: pertaining to the stomach.
105
-graphy
process of recording
son/o/graphy: process of recording sound.
106
infra-
below, under
infra/cost/al: pertaining to beneath the ribs
107
peri-
around
peri/umbilic/al: pertaining to around the navel.
108
super-
upper, above
super/ior: pertaining to above
109
ultra-
excess, beyond
ultra/son/ic: pertaining to excess sound.
110
Homeostasis
The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment.
111
Disease
A pathological or morbid condition that occurs when homeostasis is disrupted and cells, tissues, organs, or systems are unable to function effectively. Presents a group of signs, symptoms, or clinical findings.
112
Signs
Objective indicators of disease that are observable.
113
Symptoms (Sx)
Subjective indicator of disease; only the patient can experience them.
114
Clinical Findings
Results of radiological, laboratory, and other medical procedures performed on the patient, or the patient's specimens.
115
Diagnosis (Dx)
The cause and nature of the disease.
116
Treatment (Tx)
Plan to eradicate a disease.
117
Prognosis
Prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome.
118
Idiopathic Disease
One whose cause is unknown or exists without any connection to a known cause.
119
5 Categories of Procedures
1) Clinical
2) Surgical
3) Endoscopic
4) Laboratory
5) Injury
120
Adhesion
Abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated. May occur within the body cavities as a result of surgery
121
Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue space as a result of systemic disease or failure of the lymphatic system to drain tissue fluid from the site. There's edema and pitting edema.
122
Febrile
Having or showing symptoms of fever.
123
Gangrene
Death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction or infection. High risk of getting this in the extremities is associated with DM and atherosclerosis as a result of poor circulation.
124
Hernia
Protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it.
125
Inflammation
Body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, sometimes with loss of function. Protects against invasion from foreign organisms and repairs injured tissue.
126
Mycosis
Any fungal infection in or on the body.
127
Perforation
Hole that completely penetrates a structure.
128
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surround the abdominal cavity and covers its organs, usually caused by bacteria or fungi.
129
Rupture
Sudden breaking/bursting of a structure or organ.
130
Septicemia
Severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood; also called sepsis or blood poisoning. In septicemia, bacteria and their endotoxins cause severe systemic symptoms.
131
Suppuration
Process of forming pus. Occurs when the agent that provoked the inflammation is difficult to eliminate.
132
Assessment Techniques
Sequence of procedures designed to evaluate the health status of the patient.
133
Ausculation
Listening to the heart, bowels, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds.
134
Inspection
General observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body part areas.
135
Palpation
Gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body part to determine size, texture, consistency, symmetry, and tenderness of the underlying structures.
136
Percussion
Tapping a body structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence, or absence, of fluids within the underlying structure. Helpful in assessing the thorax or abdomen.
137
Endoscopy
Visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope. The endoscope is usually named for the organ/cavity it examines.
138
Blood Chemistry Analysis
Laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to determine biochemical imbalances, abnormalities, and nutritional conditions.
139
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Broad screening test to evaluated RBCs, WBCs, and platelets to determine anemias, infections, and other diseases. Part of routine physical exams to determine general health status.
140
Computed Tomography (CT)
Rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be evaluated and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles. Generates a cross-sectional image that appears as a slice. May be used with or without contrast, and can detect tumor masses, bone displacement, and fluid accumulation.
141
Fluoroscopy
X-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in a continuous motion. Helps view the motion of organs and the movement of contrast dye through a cardiac catheterization, angiography, or upper GI series (barium swallow), and to aid in the placement of catheters or other devices.
142
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce highly-detailed, multi-planar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues. Provides superior soft tissue contrast compared to a CT scan, and usually doesn't require a contrast medium.
143
Nuclear Scan
Radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) called a tracer is introduced to the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected), and a specialized camera (gamma camera) produces images of organs or structures. Reverse of a conventional radiograph.
144
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
CT records the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease. Useful in scanning the brain/nervous system to diagnose disorders that involve abnormal tissue metabolism. (Schizophrenia, brain tumors, stroke, pulmonary disorders, etc.)
145
Radiography (X-ray)
Technique in which x-rays are passed through the body and captured on film to generate an image. Radiography of soft tissues requires a contrast medium to enhance the image; i.e., barium and iodine.
146
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Integrates CT and radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs. Different from a PET scan because the tracer stays in the bloodstream rather than getting absorbed by surrounding tissue.
147
Ultrasonography (US)
High-frequency sound waves are directed at soft-tissue and are reflected as "echos" to produce and image on a monitor of an internal body structure. Creates real-time, moving images. Because it doesn't use x-rays, this is often used to observe fetal growth and to study internal organs for possible pathologies and lesions.
148
Biopsy (Bx)
Excisional
Incisional
Removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis.
Excisional: entire lesion is removed.
Incisional: Only a small sample of the lesion is removed.
149
Ablation
Removal of a body part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radiofrequency (RF). Common in treating a-fib, varicose veins, and destroying abnormal tissues found in various organs.
150
Anastomosis
Surgical joining of 2 ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to the other. There's end-to-end, end-to-side, and side-to-side.
151
Curettage
Scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette.
152
Electrocauterizaion
Use of an electrically activated instrument to burn and destroy diseased tissue. Common for removing tumors warts, and for treating chronic nosebleeds.
153
Incision & Drainage (I&D)
Incision made to allow the free flow of fluids and pus from a wound, abscess, or body cavity.
154
Laser Surgery
Use of a high-intensity laser light beam to remove diseased tissues, to stop bleeding, or for cosmetic purposes. Used in a vide variety of noninvasive or minimally invasive procedures.
155
Revision
Surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device, or to correct and undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery.
156
AP
anteroposterior
157
Bx, bx
biopsy
158
CBC
complete blood count
159
CT
computed tomography
160
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
161
Dx
diagnosis
162
I&D
incision and drainage
163
LAT, lat
lateral
164
LLQ
left lower quadrant
165
LUQ
left upper quadrant
166
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
167
PET
photon emission tomography
168
RF
rheumatoid factor; radiofrequency
169
RLQ
right lower quadrant
170
RUQ
right upper quadrant
171
SPECT
single-photon emission computed tomography
172
Sx
symptom
173
Tx
treatment
174
U&L, U/L
upper and lower
175
US
ultrasound, ultrasonography
