Chapter 4 - Body Structure Flashcards by Grace Manz

what are a cell’s main activities?

utilizing food, facilitating reproduction, and eliminating waste products

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what are a cell’s three main structures

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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cytology

the study of the body at the cellular level

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cell membrane function

acts as a barrier that supports and protects the intracellular contents

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what is cytoplasm made up of

jellylike matrix of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nurtients

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nucleus functions

responsible for metabolism, growth, reproduction, carries deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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histology

study of tissues

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covers surfaces of organs, lines cavities, and canals, forms tubes, and ducts, provides the secreting portions of lands, and makes up the outer layer of the skin. composed of cells arranged in a continuous sheet consisting of one or more layers.

epithelial tissue

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supports and connects other body tissues, various types such as cartilage, adipose, one, elastic fiber, and even blood

connective tissue

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provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement

muscle tissue

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transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body.

nervous tissue

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what is a plane

an imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections

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divides body into an anterior and posterior sections

coronal (frontal) plane

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divides the body into top and bottom sections

transverse (horizontal) plane

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divides the body into right and left halves

midsagittal (median) plane

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abduction

movement away from the misdagittal plane of the body or one of its parts

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adduction

movement toward the midsagittal plane of the body

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medial

pertaining to the midline of the body or structure

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lateral

pertaining to a side

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superior (cephalad)

toward the head or upper portion of a sturcture

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inferior (caudal)

away from the head or structure

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proximal

nearer to the center of to the point of attachment to the body

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distal

further from the cener or from the point of attachment to the body

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anterior (ventral)

front of the body

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posterior (dorsal)

back of the body

parietal

pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity

visceral

pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal orgains

prone

lying on the abdomen, face down

supine

lying horizontally on the back, face up

inversion

turning inward of inside out

eversion

turning outward

palmar

pertaining to the palm of the hand

plantar

pertaining ot the sole of the foot

superficial

toward the surface of the body (external)

deep

away from the surface of the body (internal)

what is a body cavity

are spaces within the body that hold, protect, separate, and support internal organs.

a cavity that is located on the back of the body

dorsal cavity

the cavity located on the front of the body

ventral cavity

part of the dorsal cavity that is formed by the skull and contains the brain

cranial cavity

part of the dorsal cavity that is formed by the backbone, contains the spinal cord

spinal cavity

membranes that line dorsal cavities

meninges

part of the ventral cavity that contains the lungs and heart

thoracic cavity

the cavity that is part of the ventral cavity but is split into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

cavity (part of the abdominopelvic cavity) that contains the liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys

abdominal cavity

cavity (part of the abdominopelvic cavity) that contains that urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and uterus or prostate gland

pelvic cavity

what is the abdominopelvic cavity divided into, two imaginary lines that form a cross in the midsection of the lower torso?

4 quadrants

right lobe of the liver, the gallbladder, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intesitnes

RUQ

left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestines

LUQ

part of the small and large intesitnes, the appendix, the right ovary, the right fallopian tube, and the right ureter

RLQ

part of the small and large intestines, the left ovary, the left fallopian tube, and the left ureter

LLQ

the abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into, used to identify the location of underlying body structures and visceral organs

nine regions

upper right lateral region beneath the ribs

right hypocondriac

upper middle region

epigastric

upper left lateral region beneath the ribs

left hypochondriac

middle right lateral region`

right lumbar

region of the naval

umbilical

middle left lateral region

left lumber

lower right lateral region

right inguinal (iliac)

lower middle region

hypogastric

lower left lateral region

left inguinal (iliac)

cyt/o

cell

hist/o

tissue

kary/o, nucle/o

nucleus

anter/o

anterior. front

caud/o

tail

cephal/o

head

dist/o

far, farthes

dors/o

back

infer/o

lower, below

later/o

side

medi/o

middle

poster/o

back, behind, posterior

proxim/o

near, nearest

ventr/o

belly, belly side

albin/o, luek/o

white

chrom/o

color

cirrh/o, jaund/o xanth/o

yellow

cyan/o

blue

erythr/o

red

melan/o

black

poli/o

gray

radi/o

radiation

tom/o

to cut

viscer/o

internal organs

-ar

pertaining to

-graphy

process of recorging

infra-

below, under

peri-

around

super-

upper, above

ultra-

excess, beyond

when homeostasis is disrupter and cells, tissues, organs, or systems are unable to function effectively.

disease

________ is a pathological or morbid condition

disease

__________ is the prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome.

prognosis

___________ disease is one whose cause is unknown or exists without any connection with a known cause

isiopathic

abnormal fibrous band that hold or binds tissues that are normally separated

adhesion

abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue spaces

edema

having or showing symptoms of a fever

febrile

death and decay of soft tissue

gangrene

protrusion of nay organ through the structure that normally contains it

hernia

body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, pain, or loss of function

inflammation

any fungal infection in or on the body

mycosis

hole that completely penetrates a structure

perforation

inflammation of the peritoneum

peritonitis

sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ

rupture

severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spread to the blood

septicemia

process of forming pus

suppuration