Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

Question 1

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 1

Substances with C-C/C-H bonds(only C and H). Hydrocarbons are non-polar and hydrophobic.

Question 2

4 ways hydrocarbon structures can vary

Answer 2

length, branching, aromatic ring, position of double bond

Question 3

3 isomerism types covered

Answer 3

• Stuctural(eg.butane/isobutane), cis-trans, enantiomerism

Question 4

What is isomerism?

Answer 4

• Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure–>different properties

Question 5

What is cis-trans isomerism base on?
What’s one place its seen in the human body?

Answer 5

• based on position of x group around the CC double bond. Cis-> XX on the same side of double bond, Trans-> X on opposite sides of double bond
• Retina of the eye(retinal- light absorbing pigment)

Question 6

What are enantiomers?

Answer 6

• 2 enatntiomers have the same formula but are non-superimposable images of each other/mirror images(like right+left hand)
• they differ by spatial arrangement around asymmetric C-> carbon with 4 different atoms/groups bonded to it

Question 7

D-L isomers vs S-R ?

Answer 7

D-L-> refers to whole molecule
S-R-> refers to chiral carbon

Question 8

How is enantiomerism in ibuprofen relevant?

Answer 8

• S-ibuprofen: anti-inflammatory painkiller(effective)
• R-ibuprofen(ineffective)

Question 9

How is enantiomersim in albuterol relevant?

Answer 9

• R-albuterol: relaxes bronchial muscles(airways), asthma medication(effective)
• S-albuterol: ineffective

Question 10

How is enantiomersim in thalidomide relevant?

Answer 10

• R-thalidomide: cures morning sickness
• S-thaliomide: causes birth defects
  (both keep switching in human body problematically)
  mistaking these two cost thousands of babies with genetic defects in Germany!

Question 11

Why are hydrocarbons not commonly found in living organisms and where are they commonly found?

Answer 11

• non polar bonds->hydrophobic, found with functional groups in living organisms
• commonly found in fossil fuels

Question 12

Carbonyl vs Carboxyl functional group

Answer 12

• Carbonyl: -CO(polar)
• Carboxyl: -COOH(very polar, ionizes, acts as an acid)

Question 13

Carbonyl vs Hydroxyl functional group

Answer 13

• Carbonyl: -CO( C=O)
• Hydroxyl -OH(both are just polar, C-OH)

Question 14

Amino functional group

Answer 14

-NH2(very polar, acts as a base by accepting H+)

Question 15

Sulfhydryl function group

Answer 15

-SH(can form covalent bonds with other sulfhydryl groups)

Question 16

Phosphate functional groups

Answer 16

-OPO3 2- (very polar, ionizes, Dontes H+ attached to its 2 -ve O’s acting as an acid)

Question 17

Do functional groups change solubility of organic compounds in water? Why?

Answer 17

Yes. They introduce polarity, dipole-dipole interactions, making cmpnds hydrophilic

Question 18

Can hydrocarbon+ functional group still be called a hydrocarbon? Why or why not?

Answer 18

No, it would just be called an organic compound. Hydrocarbons are only H and C

Question 19

Functional groups that are very polar/ionize

Answer 19

Carboxyl(-COOH), Amino(-NH2), Phosphate(OPO3 2-)

Question 20

Functional groups that are just polar/don’t ionize

Answer 20

Hydroxyl(-OH), Carbonyl(CO), Sulfhydryl(-SH)

Question 21

Non-polar hydrophobic functional group

Answer 21

Methyl group(-CH3)

Question 22

Acidic/Basic/H+ accepting/donating functional groups

Answer 22

-OPO3 2-, -COOH -> acidic(donate H+)
-NH2-> basic(accepts H+)

Question 23

ATP(adenosine triphosphate)

Answer 23

• 1 Adenosine molecule+ 3 Phosphate (loses 1 P o addition of H2O and releases energy while dissociating)
• ATP is how our cells store energy

Question 24

What are organic compounds with the sulfhydryl group called?

Answer 24

Thiol

Question 25

Variations in reactivity of organic compounds

Answer 25

functional groups

Question 26

L-Dopa

Answer 26

Parkinson's(R-dopa has no effect)