Chapter 4: Cell Structure

Question 1

One of the fundamental concepts of Biology

Answer 1

Cell theory

Question 2

All cells have at least 3 components in common. What are they?

Answer 2

1. plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. DNA

Question 3

A cell’s outermost membrane is called_____. A characteristic of this membrane is that it is selectively ______.

Answer 3

Plasma membrane

Selectively permeable

Question 4

A jelly-like substance of water, sugars, ions, and proteins

Answer 4

Cytoplasm

Question 5

A cell’s hereditary information that guides development and other metabolic functions

Answer 5

DNA

Question 6

When a cell increases its size, it’s volume increases faster than its surface area

Answer 6

Surface-to-volume-ratio

Question 7

All cell membranes are composed primarily of a

Answer 7

Phospholipid bilayer

Question 8

Cell membranes are described as a fluid _______.

Answer 8

Mosaic

Question 9

Why are cell membranes described as a “fluid” mosaic?

Answer 9

Because the phospholipids are not chemically bonded to one another

Question 10

Why are cell membranes described as a fluid “mosaic”?

Answer 10

Because the cell membrane is a mixed composition of lipids and embedded/attached proteins

Question 11

What are the 4 types of proteins associated with a cell membrane?

Answer 11

1. ADHESION PROTEINS
2. RECOGNITION PROTEINS
3. RECEPTOR PROTEINS
4. TRANSPORT PROTEINS

Question 12

In a cell membrane, what is the function of adhesion proteins?

Answer 12

Help cells stick together in some animal tissues

Question 13

In a cell membrane, what is the function of recognition proteins?

Answer 13

Identify “self” cells as well as foreign cells

Question 14

In a cell membrane, what is the function of the receptor proteins?

Answer 14

Trigger a change in cell activity by binding substances to the cell membrane

Question 15

In a cell membrane, what is the function of the transport proteins?

Answer 15

Passively or actively assist with the movement of ions or molecules across the membrane

Question 16

What are the 2 smallest/simplest and most diverse forms of life?

Answer 16

Single felled bacteria and archaea

Question 17

Protects and controls access to DNA

Answer 17

Nucleus

Question 18

Makes & modifies new polypeptides and lipids

Answer 18

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 19

Modifies proteins and lipids, then packages the finished products and ships them out into the vesicles

Answer 19

Golgi body

Question 20

Stores, transports, or breaks down their contents (includes central vacuole in plants)

Answer 20

Vesicles

Question 21

Double-membraned organelles that produce ATP by aerobic respiration

Answer 21

Mitochondria

Question 22

Double membraned organelles that function in photosynthesis l, storage, or pigmentation

Answer 22

Plastids

Question 23

Fluid-filled vesicle that breaks down cellular wastes and debris, including carbohydrates, proteins, nucleus acids, and lipids

Answer 23

Lysosome

Question 24

Enzyme-filled vesicle that Breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and toxins

Answer 24

Peroxisome

Question 25

Fluid-filled vesicle that isolates or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materialistic

Answer 25

Vacuole

Question 26

Assembles polypeptides

Answer 26

Ribosome

Question 27

Serves as an Anchor for cytoskeleton

Answer 27

Centriole

Question 28

Dynamic network of interconnected protein filaments that supports, organizes, and moves eukaryotic cells & their parts

Answer 28

Cytoskeleton

Question 29

Plant cells DO have a _________, _________, and _________; animal cells DO NOT

Answer 29

Cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts

Question 30

The outer boundary of the nucleus which controls access to DNA; made up of 2 lipid bilayers

Answer 30

Nuclear envelope

Question 31

Viscous fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope

Answer 31

Nucleoplasm

Question 32

A dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled

Answer 32

Nucleolus

Question 33

Organized cluster of proteins that selectively allow proteins, ribosomal subunits, and RNA to move through the nuclear envelope

Answer 33

Nuclear pores

Question 34

Interacting organelles b/w the nucleus and plasma membrane that make, modify, and transport lipids and proteins, as well as recycle and dispose of waste

Answer 34

Emdomembrane system

Question 35

Modified proteins made by ribosomes attached to it

Answer 35

Rough ER

Question 36

Makes lipids, breaks down carbohydrates and fats, and inactivated toxins

Answer 36

Smooth ER

Question 37

Specialized plastic for photosynthesis in some Protista and plant cells

Answer 37

Chloroplasts

Question 38

Oxygen requiring reactions that occur inside the mitochondria

Answer 38

Aerobic respiration

Question 39

What are the 3 components of a choloroplast's structure

Answer 39

- stroma ( semifluid containing enzymes and chloroplast DNA) - 2 outer membranes - thylakoids (inner membrane system folded into flattened disks called grana)

Question 40

The best hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotic cells. Proposal that eukaryote organelles evolved from prokaryotes that took up permanent residence inside a host cell

Answer 40

Theory of Endosymbiosis

Question 41

What are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 41

1. Microtubules 2. Microfilaments 3. Intermediate filaments

Question 42

Component of the cytoskeleton that's Made of the subunits of the protein Tubulin ; assemble and disassemble

Answer 42

Microtubules

Question 43

Component of cytoskeleton; Made of actin subunits; In cell cortex, they serve as reinforcing mesh under a plasma membrane

Answer 43

Microfilaments

Question 44

Component of cytoskeleton; Most stable of cytoskeleton Lends structure and resilience to cells

Answer 44

Intermediate filaments

Question 45

Move cell parts; "walks" along the cytoskeleton fiber to assist transport

Answer 45

Motor proteins

Question 46

"False feet"; Move the cell and engulf prey; Elongating micro filaments force a bulge outward; Motor proteins attached to microfilaments drag the plasma membrane

Answer 46

Pseudopods

Question 47

Secretion of eukaryotic organisms; | Mixture of fibrous proteins and polysaccharides

Answer 47

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

Question 48

What are the 3 types of cell junctions in animal tissues?

Answer 48

1. Tight junctions 2. Adhering junctions 3. Gap junctions

Question 49

Cell junction (animal) Rows of adhesion proteins Prevent fluids from seeping between cells

Answer 49

Tight junctions

Question 50

Cell junction(animal) Adhesion proteins that anchor cells to one another Prevalent in contractile tissue

Answer 50

Adhering junction

Question 51

``` Cell junction (animal) Closable channels Connect to cytoplasm of adjacent cells Permits water, ions, and small molecules to pass directly from one cell to another ```

Answer 51

Gap junctions

Question 52

Plant tissues have ____ type(s) of cell junction(s)

Answer 52

One

Question 53

Cell junction (plant) Extends across cell walls Connects cytoplasm and ER of adjoining cells

Answer 53

Plasmodesmata