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Biology Exam 1 > Chapter 5: Ground Rules of Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Ground Rules of Metabolism Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

The capacity to do work

A

Energy

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2
Q

The energy of movements

Ex:electromagnetic

A

Kinetic energy

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3
Q

Stored energy

Ex: chemical

A

Potential energy

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4
Q

Energy can not be created or destroyed (energy is transferred)

A

1st law of thermodynamics

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5
Q

Energy disperses spontaneously

A

2nd law of thermodynamics

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6
Q

A measure of how much the energy of a system is dispersed (or disorganized)

A

Entropy

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7
Q

Occurs as a result of energy transfers

A

Work

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8
Q

Energy from the ______ is transferred many times until it’s permanently dispersed

A

Sun

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9
Q

Every chemical bond holds _________.

A

Energy

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10
Q

Cells store and retrieve free energy by making and breaking chemical bonds in metabolic ______________.

A

Reactions

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11
Q

Molecule that enters a reaction and is changed by participating

A

Reactant

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12
Q

Molecule that is produced by a reaction

A

Product

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13
Q

The amount of energy available to do work

A

Free energy

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14
Q

Endergonic/Exergonic reactions require a net input of free energy to proceed

A

Endergonic

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15
Q

Endergonic/Exergonic reactions end with a net release of free energy

A

Exergonic

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16
Q

The minimum amount of energy required to get a chemical relation started

A

Activation energy

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17
Q

Metabolism requires __________.

A

Enzymes

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18
Q

A process in which an enzyme makes a reaction run much faster than it would on its own

A

Catalysis

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19
Q

Most enzymes are _______, but some are ______’s.

A

Proteins;

RNA’s

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20
Q

Enzymes are a type of ______ because they are unchanged by the reaction and can take part in the same type of reaction multiple times.

A

Catalyst

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21
Q

A molecule that is specifically acted upon by an enzyme; Fits together with enzyme like lock & key

A

Substrate

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22
Q

Pocket in an enzyme where a substrate bunds and a reaction occurs

A

Active site

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23
Q

Enzymes help bring on the transition state (from reactant to product) by ______ _______ _______.

A

Lowering activation energy

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24
Q

What are the 4 ways enzymes lower activation energy?

A
  • bring substrates closer together
  • orient substrates
  • change shape & stabilize enzyme-substrate binding
  • repel water molecules
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25
What happens to the activation energy with and without an enzyme
With- less activation energy | Without- more activation energy
26
Each enzyme functions best within a particular range of _________.
Conditions
27
Most human enzymes have an optimal pH between ___ and ____.
6 & 8
28
A series of enzyme-mediated reactions by which cells build, remodel, or break down organic molecules
Metabolic pathway
29
What's generated at the end of a linear metabolic pathway vs. a cyclic metabolic pathway?
* Linear- product | * Cyclic-regenerates a reactant for the first step as well as a product
30
What are the 3 different examples of enzyme control?
* coupled forward & reverse reactions * allosteric regulation * feedback inhibition
31
Type of enzyme control that Regulates the concentrations of reactants and products, which dictates the direction in which reactions proceed
Coupled forward & reverse reactions
32
Type of enzyme control that occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to an enzyme, alters it's shape, and either inhibits or activates catalysis
Allosteric regulation
33
Type of enzyme control that occurs when the end product in a series of enzymatic reactions inhibits the activity of one of the enzymes in the series
Feedback inhibition
34
An organic molecule's harvesting energy involves loss of electrons (________) and gaining of electrons (________)
Oxidation | Reduction
35
* An array of enzymes & other molecules that accept & give up electrons in a sequence. * The energy of the electrons is released with each "____".
Electron transfer chain | Step
36
An inorganic ion that stabilizes the structure of an enzyme and participates as an independent or enzyme-bound molecule
Cofactor
37
an organic cofactor; a non-protein organic molecule. Are modified by the reactions they take part in
Coenzyme
38
______ is a common coenzyme
ATP
39
The primary energy storage and transfer molecule
ATP
40
ATP accepts energy released from _________ reactions and delivers energy to ___________ reactions
Exergonic, endergonic
41
The transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another
Phosphorylation
42
When a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to another molecule, ________ is transferred with it.
Energy
43
The process of using and regenerating ATP
ATP/ ADP cycle
44
Spontaneous spreading of molecules or ions
Diffusion
45
What are the 5 factors that affect how fast molecules diffuse?
1. Size 2. Temperature 3. Steepness of concentration gradient 4. Charge 5. Pressure
46
Let's some particles pass through it, but blocks others Usually small, uncharged particles pass, while large or charged particles are blocked
Selectively permeable membrane
47
A ______ _______ is a selectively permeable membrane
Lipid bilayer
48
The total concentration of dilutes in two fluids separated by a selectively permeable membrane
Tonicity
49
Two fluids with identical solute concentrations are __________.
Isotonic
50
lower concentration solute
Hypotonic
51
Higher concentration solute
Hypertonic
52
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane (PASSIVE PROCESS=NO ENERGY USED)
Osmosis
53
Water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane from a hyper/hypotonic solution toward a hyper/hypertonic solution
Hypotonic , hypertonic
54
Plant cells contain more ______ solutes compared to its environment
Hypertonic
55
The pressure that a fluid exerts against a structure
Turgor
56
The amount of turgor that prevents osmosis
Osmotic pressure
57
What three things can readily diffuse across a lipid bilayer?
* Gases * water * small nonpolar molecules
58
Protein that helps molecules and ions across the lipid bilayer
Transport proteins
59
Passive/active transport relies on a concentration gradient and DOES NOT require cellular energy. Types: simple diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and facilitated diffusion
Passive
60
Passive/active transport is wen a transport protein pumps solute across a membrane against the concentration gradient and DOES require cellular energy
Active
61
Are these processes passive or active transport? * Facilitated diffusion * Cotransporters * Phagocytosis * Exocytosis * Bulk-phase/Receptor mediated endocytosis
``` ACTIVE: (energy) •Cotransporters •Exocytosis •Bulk-phase/Receptor-mediated endocytosis •Phagocytosis ``` PASSIVE: (no energy) •Facilitated Diffusion
62
A passive transport mechanism in which a transporter protein binds to a solute, then changes shape so the solute is released on the other side of the membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
63
Active transport proteins that move two substances at the same time, in the same or opposite directions across a membrane Ex: sodium-potassium pumps
Cotransporters
64
A cell EXPELS substances as a cytoplasmic vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, and its contents are released to Extracellular fluid
Exocytosis
65
A cell TAKES IN a substance as a patch of plasma membrane balloons into the cell, forming a vesicle that sinks into the cytoplasm
Bulk-phase endocytosis
66
A cell TAKES IN substances such as hormones, vitamins, and minerals when they bind to receptors, which trigger the formation of a vesicle
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
67
An endocytic pathway by which a cell, such as an amoeba, engulfs microbes, cellular debris, or other particles. Cells engulf and digest viruses, bacteria, and other threats
Phagocytosis

Biology Exam 1 (5 decks)

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