Chapter 4 - Chemical Quantities And Aqueous Reactions

Question 1

The study of the numerical relationship between chemical quantities in a chemical reaction is called

Answer 1

Stoichiometry

Question 2

The amounts of any other substance in a chemical reaction can be determined from
• Think of pizza example

Answer 2

Just one substance

Question 3

If one reactant in used up before the others, it is called the

Answer 3

Limiting Reactant

Question 4

Reactants not completely consumed are called

Answer 4

Excess Reactants

Question 5

The amount of product that can be made from the limiting reactant is called the

Answer 5

Theoretical Yield

Question 6

The actual amount of product made in a chemical reaction is called the

Answer 6

Actual Yield

Question 7

Because of both controllable and uncontrollable factors, the actual yield of product will always be ___ than the theoretical yield.

Answer 7

Less than

Question 8

We can determine the efficiency of making pizzas by calculating the percentage of maximum number of pizzas we actually make. In a chemical reaction we call this the

Answer 8

Percent Yield

Question 9

What is the formula for the Percent Yield?

Answer 9

(Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield) x 100%

Question 10

When table salt is mixed with water, it seems to disappear, or become a liquid - the mixture is

Answer 10

Homogenous

Question 11

Homogenous mixtures are called

Answer 11

Solutions

Question 12

The compound of the solution that changes state is called the

Answer 12

Solute

Question 13

The component that keeps its state is called the

Answer 13

Solvent

Question 14

If both components start in the same state, the major component is the

Answer 14

Solvent

Question 15

Because solutions are mixtures, their composition

Answer 15

Can vary from one sample to another

Question 16

To describe solutions accurately, we must describe

Answer 16

How much of each component is present

Question 17

____ Solutions have a small amount of solute compared to solvent

Answer 17

Dilute

Question 18

____ Solutions have a large amount is solute compared to solvent

Answer 18

Concentrated

Question 19

The amount of solute in a given amount of solution

Answer 19

Concentration

Question 20

Used to describe how many molecules of solute is in each liter of solution

Answer 20

Solution Concentration Molarity

Question 21

What is the Formula for Molarity

Answer 21

Amount of solute (in moles)/Amount of Solution(in L)

Question 22

What is the formula to find the new volume in a concentration?

Answer 22

(M1xV1)/M2 = V2

Question 23

Because molarity relates to the moles of solute to the liters of solution, it can be used to convert between amount of reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction

Answer 23

Solution Stoichiometry

Question 24

There are attractive forces between the ____ particles to hold them together.

Answer 24

Solute

Question 25

There are attractive forces between the ____ molecules.

Answer 25

Solvent

Question 26

When we mix the solute with the solvent, there are attractive forces between ____

Answer 26

The solute particles and the solvent molecules

Question 27

If the attraction between solute and solvent are strong enough, The solute will ____

Answer 27

Dissolve

Question 28

Materials that dissolve in water to form a solution that will conduct electricity are called

Answer 28

Electrolytes

Question 29

Materials that dissolve in water to form a solution that will not conduct electricity are called

Answer 29

Nonelectrolytes

Question 30

Ionic compounds are ____ because they dissociate into their ions when they dissolve

Answer 30

Electrolytes

Question 31

Molecular compounds ____ when they dissolve in water

Answer 31

Generally don’t ionize

Question 32

____ are molecular compounds that ionize when they dissolve in water

Answer 32

Acids

Question 33

When acids ionize, they form

Answer 33

H+ cations and anions

Question 34

Across that ionize virtually 100% are called

Answer 34

Strong acids

Question 35

Acids that only ionize a small percentage are called

Answer 35

Weak acids

Question 36

___ ___ are materials that dissolve complete as ions

Answer 36

Strong electrolytes

Question 37

___ ___ are materials that dissolve mostly as molecules but partially as ions

Answer 37

Weak acids

Question 38

When compounds contains a polyatomic ion dissolve,

Answer 38

The polyatomic ion stays together

Question 39

When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the anions and cations

Answer 39

Separate from each other (dissociation)

Question 40

Wenn strong acids dissolve in water, the molecule

Answer 40

Ionizes into H+ and anions

Question 41

Compounds that dissolve in a solvent are said to be ____, where as those that do not are said to be ____.

Answer 41

Soluble, insoluble

Question 42

The best way to test whether compounds will dissolve is water is based on experiments and forming rules. This is called the

Answer 42

Empirical Method

Question 43

Determine if the following are soluble in water 1) KOH 2) AgBr 3) CaCl2 4) Pb(NO3)2 5) PbSO4

Answer 43

1) soluble 2) insoluble 3) soluble 4) soluble 4) insoluble

Question 44

___ ___ are reactions in which a solid forms when we mix two solutions

Answer 44

Precipitation reactions

Question 45

An example of a precipitation reaction

Answer 45

Reactions between aqueous solutions of ionic compounds

Question 46

Equations that describe the chemicals put into the water and the product molecules are called

Answer 46

Molecular Equations

Question 47

Equations that describe the material’s structure when dissolved are called

Answer 47

Complete Ionic Equations

Question 48

Ions that are both reactants and products are called

Answer 48

Spectator Ions

Question 49

An ionic equation in which the spectator ions are removed is called a

Answer 49

Net Ionic Equation

Question 50

Acid-Base Reactions

Answer 50

A reaction in which acid and base neutralize each other’s properties

Question 51

What is another name for the Acid-Base reaction?

Answer 51

Neutralization Reactions

Question 52

Based dissociate in water to

Answer 52

Form OH ions

Question 53

In the reaction of an acid with a base, the __ from the acid combines with the __ from the base to make water

Answer 53

H+, OH

Question 54

The ____ from the base combines with the ____ from the acid to make the salt

Answer 54

Cation, Anion

Question 55

When a solution’s concentration is determined by reacting it with another material and using stoichiometry

Answer 55

Titration

Question 56

In the titration, the unknown solution is added to a known amount of another reactant until the reaction is just completed. At this point, called the ____, the reactant are in their stoichiometric ratio

Answer 56

Endpoint

Question 57

The unknown solution is added slowly from an instrument called a

Answer 57

Burette

Question 58

Because both the reactant and and product solution in acid-base titrations are colorless, a chemical is added that

Answer 58

Changes color when the solution undergoes large changes in acidity/alkalinity

Question 59

The chemical used in an acid-base titrations is called an

Answer 59

Indicator

Question 60

What is the equivalence point?

Answer 60

At the endpoint of an acid-base titration, he number of moles of H+ duals the number of moles of OH

Question 61

The ___ is the base solution in the burette

Answer 61

Titrant

Question 62

Some reactions from a gas directly from the ion exchange, others from a gas by the decomposition of one of the ion exchange products into a gas and water

Answer 62

Gas-Evolving Reaction

Question 63

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Answer 63

Involve transferring electrons from one atom to another

Question 64

Reactions where electrons are transferred from one atom to another are

Answer 64

Redox Reactions

Question 65

Atoms that lose electricians are being

Answer 65

Oxidized

Question 66

Atoms that gain electrons are being

Answer 66

Reduced

Question 67

Chemists assign a number to each element in a reaction called an ____ state that allows them to determine the electron flow in the reaction

Answer 67

Oxidation

Question 68

What is the difference between ion charges and oxidation states?

Answer 68

Ion charges are real, measurable numbers. Oxidation states are imaginary charges assigned based on a set of rules.

Question 69

___ occurs when an atom’s oxidation state increases during a reaction

Answer 69

Oxidation

Question 70

____ occurs when an atom’s oxidation state decreases during a reaction

Answer 70

Reduction

Question 71

Oxidation and reduction must occur

Answer 71

Simultaneously

Question 72

The reactant that reduces an element in another reactant is called the

Answer 72

Reducing Agent

Question 73

The reactant that oxidizes an element in another reactant is called the

Answer 73

Oxidizing Agent